Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Review

Recognition criteria for occupational cancers in relation to hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in Korea: Hogil Kim, Yun Kyung Chung, Inah Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:6. Published online January 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0217-0

The goal of this study was to review the scientific basis for the recognition of occupational cancer, in relation to hepatitis viral infections in Korea. Most Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in Korea occur as vertical infections, but these are decreasing rapidly due to vaccination. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to be transmitted through parenteral routes, but the transmission route is often unclear. Most occupational infections of hepatitis virus involve accidental injuries of medical institution workers while using virus-contaminated medical devices. Many cohort studies and case-control studies have consistently reported that HBV and HCV infection increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the strength of this association is high. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma appears to be associated with HCV. Cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, and thyroid cancer are considered to be less related or unrelated to epidemiological causation. There are no uniform international specific criteria for occupational cancer caused through occupational exposure to a hepatitis virus. In establishing appropriate standards applicable to Korea, there should be sufficient consideration of latency, virus exposure levels and frequency, and other cancers, apart from HCC.

In conclusion, we recommend keeping the current specific criteria. However, if a worker is injured at work when using a sharp medical device, and HBV and HCV viral infections are confirmed through serologic tests; if the worker is diagnosed as having a chronic HBV or HCV infection, a subsequent HCC (or Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma following chronic HCV infection) can then be considered highly related to the worker’s occupation.

Citations

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Seroprevalence of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella-zoster antibodies in new female nurses in the Republic of Korea
Yeongjae Yoo, Won-Ju Park, Seunghyeon Cho, Dae-Young Lim, Suwhan Kim, Wonyang Kang, Hyeonjun Kim, Jai-Dong Moon
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Low expression of IL-37 protein is correlated with high Oct4 protein expression in hepatocellular carcinoma
Hongsheng Guo, Peng Li, Liudan Su, Kun Wu, Kai Huang, Ruizhi Lai, Jing Xu, Dingbao Sun, Shuxian Li, Ziliang Deng, Yan Wang, Haina Guo, Zhangquan Chen, Sen Wang
Gene.2020; 737: 144445. CrossRef

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Research Article

Hepatitis B vaccination coverage and the determinants of vaccination among health care workers in selected health facilities in Lusaka district, Zambia: an exploratory study: Namwaka Mungandi, Mpundu Makasa, Patrick Musonda; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:32. Published online August 10, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0191-y

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Hepatitis B is a viral infection of the liver and causes both acute and chronic disease. It is transmitted through contact with an infected person’s bodily fluids. It is an occupational hazard for healthcare workers and can be prevented by the administration of a vaccine. It is recommended that healthcare workers be vaccinated against vaccine preventable diseases including hepatitis B. The study objective was to determine the prevalence and determinants of hepatitis B vaccination among healthcare workers in selected health facilities in Lusaka.

Methods

The study took place in seven health facilities across Lusaka district in Zambia. A total sample size of 331 healthcare workers was selected of which; 90 were nurses, 88 were doctors, 86 were laboratory personnel and 67 were general workers. A self-administered structured questionnaire was given to a total of 331 healthcare workers. Investigator led stepwise approach was used to select the best predictor variables in a multiple logistic regression model and all analyses were performed using STATA software, version 12.1 SE (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).

Results

Only 64(19.3%) of the healthcare workers were vaccinated against hepatitis B, with 35 (54.7%) of these being fully vaccinated and 29 (45.3%) partially vaccinated. Analysis showed that; age of the healthcare worker, sharp injuries per year and training in infection control were the variables that were statistically significant in predicting a healthcare worker’s vaccination status.

Conclusion

It is reassuring to learn that healthcare workers have knowledge regarding hepatitis B and the vaccine and are willing to be vaccinated against it. Health institutions should bear the cost for vaccinating staff and efforts should be made for appropriate health education regarding hepatitis B infection and its prevention. Establishment of policies on compulsory hepatitis B vaccination for healthcare workers in Zambia is recommended.

Citations

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Hepatitis B vaccination coverage and associated factors among nurses working at health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Leta Bayissa, Debela Gela, Abdissa Boka, Tiruneh Ararsa
BMC Nursing.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Barriers to and Facilitators of Hepatitis B Vaccination among the Adult Population in Indonesia: A Mixed Methods Study
Putri Bungsu Machmud, Amand Führer, Cornelia Gottschick, Rafael Mikolajczyk
Vaccines.2023; 11(2): 398. CrossRef
A review of health worker vaccination programs in low, middle and upper middle-income countries
Gabriel C. Gaviola, Maddison McCarville, Stephanie Shendale, Tracey Goodman, Marta Lomazzi, Shalini Desai
Public Health in Practice.2023; 6: 100415. CrossRef
Hepatitis B in Healthcare Personnel: An Update on the Global Landscape
Georgia B. Nikolopoulou, Ioannis Tzoutzas, Athanasios Tsakris, Helena C. Maltezou
Viruses.2023; 15(12): 2454. CrossRef
Knowledge, Vaccination Status, and Reasons for Avoiding Vaccinations against Hepatitis B in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review
Putri Bungsu Machmud, Saskia Glasauer, Cornelia Gottschick, Rafael Mikolajczyk
Vaccines.2021; 9(6): 625. CrossRef
Assessing Level of Knowledge and Uptake of Hepatitis B Vaccination among Health Care Workers at Juba Teaching Hospital, Juba City, South Sudan
John Bosco Alege, Godfrey Gulom, Alphonse Ochom, Viola Emmanuel Kaku, Masaru Shimada
Advances in Preventive Medicine.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Full-dose hepatitis B virus vaccination coverage and associated factors among health care workers in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Nefsu Awoke, Henok Mulgeta, Tsegaye Lolaso, Tiwabwork Tekalign, Serawit Samuel, Mohammed Suleiman Obsa, Robera Olana, Wan-Long Chuang
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Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and uptake of hepatitis B vaccine among healthcare workers, Makueni County, Kenya 2017
E N Kisangau, A Awour, B Juma, D Odhiambo, T Muasya, S N Kiio, R Too, S A Lowther
Journal of Public Health.2019; 41(4): 765. CrossRef
Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage Among Medical Residents from Catania University Hospital, Italy
Venerando Rapisarda, Giuseppe Nunnari, Paola Senia, Francesca Vella, Ermanno Vitale, Paolo Murabito, Monica Salerno, Caterina Ledda
Future Microbiology.2019; 14(sup9): 41. CrossRef
Attitude and Vaccination Status of Healthcare Workers against Hepatitis B Infection in a Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia
Mohammed Akibu, Sodere Nurgi, Mesfin Tadese, Wendwesen Dibekulu Tsega
Scientifica.2018; 2018: 1. CrossRef
Hepatitis B virus contact disclosure and testing in Lusaka, Zambia: a mixed-methods study
Sarah Franklin, Amina Mouliom, Edford Sinkala, Annie Kanunga, Anna Helova, Jodie Dionne-Odom, Janet M Turan, Michael Vinikoor
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Original Article

A Survey of Hepatitis B Virus Markers by EIA Method among Steel Manufacturing Workers: Jung Gu Kirn, Bbk Dong Nam, Sam Deug Bae, Myung Wha Ha, Doo Hie Kim, Seung Won Kang, Jong Young Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(2):249-257. Published online September 30, 1996; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.2.249

Abstract PDF: A study for seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus markers (HBsAg, Anti-HBs, HBeAg and Anti-HBe) by EIA method and the Liver Function Test(SGOT and SGPT) using kinetic method was carried :out from January; to October 1995 :among male workers of a .major iron and steel manufacturing company, located,,in Pohang. The results were as follows; 1. The distribution of hepatitis B virus markers showed that the proportions of HBsAg(+)/Anti-HBs (-), HBsAg(-)/Anti-HBs (+) 'and HBsAg(+)/Anti-HBs (+) were 8.1%, 60.5% and 0.1%, respectively. The positive rate of HBsAg in all subjects was 8.2% whereas that of anti-HBs was 60.6%. 2. The proportions of HBsAg(+)/Anti-HBs (-) and HBsAg(-)/Anti-HBs (+) increased significantly with age. While the distribution of hepatitis B virus markers exhibited no significant differences among the groups classified by educational background or work type. 3. The proportion of drinkers in HBsAg (+)/Anti-HBs (-) (73; 9%) was significantly lower than those of HBsAg (-)/Anti-HBs (-) and HBsAg (-)/Anti-HBs (+) (84.6% and 85.7% respectively). The proportions of smoking for the three groups of HBsAg (-)/Anti-HBs(+),-HBsAg (+)/Anti-HBs (-) and HBsAg (-)/Anti-HBs (-) were 54.3%, 53.7% and 53.0%, respectively (p<0.01). The proportion of the subjects with abnormal liver function test in HBsAg (+)/Anti-HBs (-) was 40.1%, whereas those in HBsAg (-)/Anti-HBs (-) and HBsAg(-)/Anti-HBs (+) were 21.9% and 18.4%, respectively. 4. The distribution of e Ag markers among HBsAg (+) subjects showed that the proportions of HBeAg(+)/Anti-HBe(-), HBeAg(-)/Anti-HBe(+) and HBeAg(+)/Anti-HBe(+) were 31.3%, 55.0% and 1.6%, respectively. The proportion of HBeAg(+)/Anti-HBe(-) decreased significantly with age and those of HBeAg(-)/Anti-HBe(-) and HBeAg(-)/Anti-HBe(+) increased with age. The positive rate of HBeAg among HBsAg (+) subjects was 32.9%. In conclusion, as a screening method, EIA is. recommended to test hepatitis B virus markers, especially when examining Anti-HBs more sensitively. For the workers of the iron and steel manufacturing company studied, liver diseases caused by other than hepatitis B should be given a special care including an education avoiding alcohol drinking.

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