Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Research Article

A physical fitness profile of state highway patrol officers by gender and age: J. Jay Dawes, Robin M. Orr, Richard R. Flores, Robert G. Lockie, Charlie Kornhauser, Ryan Holmes; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:16. Published online June 1, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0173-0

Background

Law enforcement officers perform physically demanding tasks that generally remain constant as they age. However, there is limited population-specific research on age, gender and normative fitness values for law enforcement officers as opposed to those of the general population. The purpose of this study was to profile the current level of fitness for highway patrol officers based on age and gender and provide percentile ranking charts unique to this population.

Methods

Retrospective data for six-hundred and thirty-one state troopers (♂ = 597; mean age = 39.52 ± 8.09 yrs; mean height = 180.72 ± 7.06 cm; mean weight = 93.66 ± 15.72 kg: ♀ = 34; mean age = 36.20 ± 8.45 years; mean height = 169.62 ± 6.65 cm; mean weight = 74.02 ± 14.91 kg) collected in 2014–2015 were provided for analysis. Data included demographic (age), anthropometric (height and weight), and select fitness (VJ, push-ups, sit ups, isometric leg/back strength, isometric grip strength and 20 m shuttle run test) information.

Results

There were generally significant differences between genders for all anthropometric and fitness measures, most consistently in the 30–39 age groups. While there was a general decline in push-up and shuttle run performance in female officers, these results did not reach significance. For male officers, there were significant differences between the 20–29 year-old age group and the 30–39, 40–49 and 50–59 year-old groups with the younger group performing better in VJ, push-ups, sit ups and number of shuttle runs than the older groups. There were no differences in isometric grip strength and leg back dynamometer measures between age groups.

Conclusion

Male officers tended to be heavier, taller and perform significantly better than female officers in all measures bar sit-ups. While there appeared to be a general decline in certain physical characteristics across genders with increasing age the notable differences were between the youngest male age group (20–29 years) and all other male age groups with a potential reason being the lack of fitness requirements once typically younger cadets leave the academy. Percentile rankings for the assessed measures were found to have elements very specific to this population when compared to the general population and those provided in this paper can be used to inform future profiling and research in this population.

Citations

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Research Article

Associations between anthropometric characteristics and physical performance in male law enforcement officers: a retrospective cohort study: James Jay Dawes, Robin Marc Orr, Claire Louise Siekaniec, Andrea Annie Vanderwoude, Rodney Pope; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:26. Published online June 10, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0112-5

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Police officers are often required to undertake physically demanding tasks, like lifting, dragging and pursuing a suspect. Therefore, physical performance is a key requirement.

Methods

Retrospective data for 76 male police officers (mean age = 39.42 ± 8.41 years; mean weight = 84.21 ± 12.91 kg) was obtained. Data included anthropometric (skinfolds, estimated percentage body fat, lean body mass and fat mass) and physical performance (1 Repetition Maximum Bench Press, 1–min sit-ups, 1-min push-ups, vertical jump, 300 m run, 1.5 mile run) measures and correlations between anthropometric measurement and fitness score were obtained.

Results

Estimated percentage body fat was significantly (p ≤ .001) and negatively correlated with all performance measures, except sit-ups and 300 m and 1.5 mile run performance. Estimated lean body mass was significantly and positively (p ≤ .001) correlated with push-ups, bench press and vertical jump measures, while increasing estimated fat mass was significantly (p ≤ .001) associated with reduced performance on sit-up, vertical jump, 1.5 mile run and estimated maximal voluntary oxygen uptake.

Conclusions

A targeted approach, going beyond just decreasing percentage body fat to also selectively increasing lean mass, should be applied for optimal improvement in physical fitness performance.

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Case Report

A case of fitness to work in a worker with COPD using the exercise stress test: Yewon Kim, Kyungyong Jung, Ji Young Ryu, Dae Hwan Kim, Sangyoon Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:26. Published online December 11, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0074-z

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation. Therefore, both work ability and workday length may be affected in individuals with this disease. We studied a worker with suspected COPD and assessed fitness to work using post-bronchodilator spirometry, symptom assessment scales, and the exercise stress test.
Case report
The patient was a 58-year-old man due to work as a field supervisor in the ship construction sector. He had a 40 pack-year smoking history and experienced occasional dyspnea when climbing stairs. He visited this hospital to receive cardiopulmonary function tests and to determine his ability to work. Post-bronchodilator spirometry revealed severe irreversible airway obstruction corresponding to a modified Medical Research Council grade of 2 on the dyspnea scale. His COPD Assessment Test score was 12, placing him in patient group D (high risk, more symptoms) based on the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease classification system. His maximum oxygen uptake (VO_2max) was determined to be 19.16 ml/kg/min, as measured by the exercise stress test, and his acceptable workload for 8 h of physical work was calculated to be 6.51 ml/kg/min. His work tasks required an oxygen demand of 6.89 ml/kg/min, which exceeded the acceptable workload calculated. Accordingly, he was advised to adjust the work tasks that were deemed inappropriate for his exercise capacity.
Conclusion
As COPD incidence is expected to rise, early COPD diagnosis and determination of fitness to work is becoming increasingly important. Performing the exercise stress test, to evaluate the functional capacity of workers with COPD, is considered an acceptable solution.

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Case Report

A Case of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Assessments of Fitness for Work: Sukwoo Hong, Yewon Kim, Ji-Young Ryu, Sangyoon Lee, Byung-Chul Son, Chae-Kwan Lee, Dae-Hwan Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:7-7. Published online April 25, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-7

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder that can cause excessive daytime sleepiness and impairment of cognition. These symptoms may lead to the occurrence of occupational accidents in workers with obstructive sleep apnea.

Case presentation

A 36-year-old man who worked as a dimensional control surveyor caused a vehicle accident while he was driving at the work site. Although he experienced loss of consciousness at the time of the accident, he had no other symptoms. His brain computed tomography and laboratory test did not show any specific findings. Medical tests were conducted to evaluate his fitness for work. Decreased sleep latency was observed on the electroencephalography image, which is suggestive of a sleep disorder. He frequently experienced daytime sleepiness and his Epworth sleepiness score was 13. The polysomnography showed a markedly increased apnea-hypopnea index of 84.3, which led to a diagnosis of severe obstructive sleep apnea. The patient was advised to return to work only when his obstructive sleep apnea improved through proper treatment.

Conclusion

Proper screening for obstructive sleep apnea among workers is important for preventing workplace accidents caused by this disorder, but screening guidelines have not yet been established in Korea. An effort toward preparing practical guidelines for obstructive sleep apnea is needed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effects of exercise training on brain metabolism and cognitive functioning in sleep apnea
Linda M. Ueno-Pardi, Fabio L. Souza-Duran, Larissa Matheus, Amanda G. Rodrigues, Eline R. F. Barbosa, Paulo J. Cunha, Camila G. Carneiro, Naomi A. Costa, Carla R. Ono, Carlos A. Buchpiguel, Carlos E. Negrão, Geraldo Lorenzi-Filho, Geraldo Busatto-Filho
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Review

Underwater and Hyperbaric Medicine as a Branch of Occupational and Environmental Medicine: Young Il Lee, Byeong Jin Ye; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:39-39. Published online December 19, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-39

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Exposure to the underwater environment for occupational or recreational purposes is increasing. As estimated, there are around 7 million divers active worldwide and 300,000 more divers in Korea. The underwater and hyperbaric environment presents a number of risks to the diver. Injuries from these hazards include barotrauma, decompression sickness, toxic effects of hyperbaric gases, drowning, hypothermia, and dangerous marine animals. For these reasons, primary care physicians should understand diving related injuries and assessment of fitness to dive. However, most Korean physicians are unfamiliar with underwater and hyperbaric medicine (UHM) in spite of scientific and practical values.

From occupational and environmental medicine (OEM) specialist’s perspective, we believe that UHM should be a branch of OEM because OEM is an area of medicine that deals with injuries caused by physical and biological hazards, clinical toxicology, occupational diseases, and assessment of fitness to work. To extend our knowledge about UHM, this article will review and update on UHM including barotrauma, decompression illness, toxicity of diving gases and fitness for diving.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy as a Complementary Treatment in Glioblastoma—A Scoping Review
Diogo Alpuim Costa, Mafalda Sampaio-Alves, Eduardo Netto, Gonçalo Fernandez, Edson Oliveira, Andreia Teixeira, Pedro Modas Daniel, Guilherme Silva Bernardo, Carla Amaro
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Predictive modeling to determine oxygen and ozone doses applicable to in situ remediation of polluted water bodies
Jacobo Tabla-Hernandez, Alejandro V Dellepere, Ernesto Mangas-Ramírez
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The Effect of Medical History and Compressor on Barotrauma
Asti Melani Astari, Fatimah, Sri Andarini
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Occupational Safety and Health in a Community of Shellfish Divers: A Community-Based Participatory Approach
Marie A. Garrido, Manuel Parra, Juana Díaz, Julia Medel, Dennis Nowak, Katja Radon
Journal of Community Health.2020; 45(3): 569. CrossRef
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hearing Loss in Chilean Shellfish Divers
Marie Astrid Garrido Campos, Benedikt Anselm Hindelang, Denise Siqueira de Carvalho, Ilse Urzúa Finke, Ronald Herrera, Katja Radon
Annals of Global Health.2018; 84(3): 442. CrossRef

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Case Report

A Study Regarding the Work Fitness of a Manufacturing Worker Suffering from a Stroke and Muscle Weakness: Eun Kwang Ryu, Jae Seung Yong, Jung Won Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(3):294-303. Published online September 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.3.294

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
Occupational health and safety guidelines have the goals of protecting workers, helping them to adapt to their working environment, and to promote their health and ability. In the work fitness evaluations done by occupational medicine doctors, one of their subjective duties is to assess a worker's working ability so as not to affect the health of the worker or his/her co-workers. A worker's functional capacity and reasonable accommodations should be considered. We studied a case regarding cerebral hemorrhage and muscle weakness after renal disease.
CASE
This patient was a male who worked at a tobacco company. He suffered from acute renal failure in 2003. In 2004, during his treatment, a convulsion-seizure occurred. This patient had non-specific findings in family history, blood studies, urinary analysis, mental status examination, and showed no signs of depression. There was a decrease in muscle power found during a physical examination. As a result, an occupational and environmental doctor and an industrial hygienist went to the worker's company in order to analyze the workers tasks. They concluded that there were some problems regarding the worker' s daily activities. When considering reasonable accommodation it was determined that such cases could work in the qualify control department instead of current job, assembly department.
CONCLUSIONS
Throughout this case, we considered the work compatibility of the various complications arising from a cerebral hemorrhage and convulsion-seizure disease which occurred to a factory worker who suffered from acute renal failure. We recommend it essential to create work compatibility guidelines regarding this case presentations, ensuring consistency to the efforts made by health care workers and physicians.

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Original Article

Relationship of Physical Fitness with Age and Body Fat, Work Pattern, Life Style among Male Workers of an Electronic Manufacturing Company: Sang Woo Kim, Pal Su Nam, Wan Seoup Park, Young Yeon Jung, Kuk Hyeun Woo, Young Ha Lee, Seung Ryeol Yoon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(3):434-445. Published online December 31, 1996; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.3.434

Abstract PDF: This is pilot study to evaluate the relationship of physical fitness with age, body fat, work pattern and life style among 20-9 aged male workers (n=417). Physical fitness was measured by maximum oxygen uptake, forced vital capacity, 1 second forced expiratory volume, grip strength, back strength, sit ups and trunk flexion. Life style was self-reported on a questionnaire about regular exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption, coffee consumption, degree of stress, and percent of body fat measured by bioelectrical impedance fat meter. Age was significantly and negatively related to physical fitness except grip strength. Obesity was next to most significant factor for physical fitness, it was associated with maximum oxygen uptake, grip strength, back strength, trunk flexion. Regular exercise was associated with maximum oxygen uptake. Others was insignificantly related to physical fitness. Performance of physical fitness test was significantly correlated with age, obesity and regular exercise.

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