Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Special Issue

Special Series I: Working hours as a social determinant of workers’ health: Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Tae-Won Jang, Mo-Yeol Kang, Jungwon Kim, Eun-A Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e16. Published online July 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e16

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Changes in Korea’s working time policy: the need for research on flexible working hours considering socioeconomic inequality
Inah KIM
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Research Article

Probability of causation for occupational cancer after exposure to ionizing radiation: Eun-A Kim, Eujin Lee, Seong-Kyu Kang, Meeseon Jeong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:3. Published online January 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0220-5

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Background

Probability of causation (PC) is a reasonable way to estimate causal relationships in radiation-related cancer. This study reviewed the international trend, usage, and critiques of the PC method. Because it has been used in Korea, it is important to check the present status and estimation of PC in radiation-related cancers in Korea.

Methods

Research articles and official reports regarding PC of radiation-related cancer and published from the 1980s onwards were reviewed, including studies used for the revision of the Korean PC program. PC has been calculated for compensation-related cases in Korea since 2005.

Results

The United States National Institutes of Health first estimated the PC in 1985. Among the 106 occupational diseases listed in the International Labor Organization Recommendation 194 (International Labor Office (ILO), ILO List of Occupational Diseases, 2010), PC is available only for occupational cancer after ionizing radiation exposure. The United States and United Kingdom use PC as specific criteria for decisions on the compensability of workers’ radiation-related health effects. In Korea, PC was developed firstly as Korean Radiation Risk and Assigned Share (KORRAS) in 1999. In 2015, the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute and Radiation Health Research Institute jointly developed a more revised PC program, Occupational Safety and Health-PC (OSH-PC). Between 2005 and 2015, PC was applied in 16 claims of workers’ compensation for radiation-related cancers. In most of the cases, compensation was given when the PC was more than 50%. However, in one case, lower than 50% PC was accepted considering the possibility of underestimation of the cumulative exposure dose.

Conclusions

PC is one of the most advanced tools for estimating the causation of occupational cancer. PC has been adjusted for baseline cancer incidence in Korean workers, and for uncertainties using a statistical method. Because the fundamental reason for under- or over-estimation is probably inaccurate dose reconstruction, a proper guideline is necessary.

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Dong Joon Park, Sungkyun Park, Seong Won Ma, Hoekyeong Seo, Sang Gil Lee, Kyung-Eun Lee
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Erratum

Erratum to: Practice status of specialized agencies for occupational health management of small- to medium-size enterprises and the factors improving their performance: a cross-sectional survey study: Saerom Lee, Jun-Pyo Myong, Eun-A Kim, Huisu Eom, Bowha Choi, Young Joong Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:21. Published online June 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0175-y

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Case Report

Systemic sclerosis due to crystalline silica exposure among jewelry workers in Korea: two case reports: Jae Yoon Kim, Sang Yoon Do, Young Hoon Moon, Chul Gab Lee, Yun Sung Kim, Byung Soon Choi, Eun-A Kim, Han Soo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:18. Published online June 19, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0176-x

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Background

Occupational exposure to crystalline silica is a potential risk factor for various systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic sclerosis. The etiology of systemic sclerosis is not conclusively known, but there are epidemiological studies that show the relationship between exposure to crystalline silica and risk of systemic sclerosis. Here we report, for the first time, two cases of crystalline silica-related systemic sclerosis in patients who worked in crystal processing in the jewelry-manufacturing field.

Case presentation

Case 1 is a 57-year-old man who had worked mainly in crystal processing for multiple jewelry-processing companies for 17 years, since the age of 15 years. He contracted tuberculosis at the age of 25 years and showed Raynaud’s phenomenon of both the hands and feet at age 32 years. Digital cyanosis and sclerosis developed at approximately age 41 years. The patient was diagnosed with systemic sclerosis at age 48 years.

Case 2 is a 52-year-old man who worked in crystal processing for various jewelry-processing companies for 7 years, since the age of 23 years. He first showed signs of cyanosis in the third and fourth digits of both hands at age 32 years, was diagnosed with Raynaud’s syndrome at age 37 years, and was diagnosed with systemic sclerosis at age 38 years.

Crystal processing is a detailed process that involves slabbing and trimming the selected amethyst and quartz crystals, which requires close proximity of the worker’s face with the target area. In the 1980s and 1990s, the working hours were 12 h per day, and the working environment involved 15 workers crowded into a small, 70-m² space with poor ventilation.

Conclusion

Two workers who processed crystals with a maximum crystalline silica content of 56.66% developed systemic sclerosis. Considering the epidemiological and experimental evidence, exposure to crystalline silica dust was an important risk factor for systemic sclerosis. An active intervention is necessary to reduce exposure in similar exposure groups in the field of jewelry processing.

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Research Article

Practice status of specialized agencies for occupational health management of small- to medium-size enterprises and the factors improving their performance: a cross-sectional survey study: Saerom Lee, Jun-Pyo Myong, Eun-A Kim, Huisu Eom, Bowha Choi, Young Joong Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:4. Published online February 27, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0161-4

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Background

We examined the current status of specialized agencies for occupational health management (SAs) and their workforce. Furthermore, we aimed to clarify the current practice status of SA healthcare professionals and factors that influence their performance.

Methods

To examine the current SA workforce, we analyzed data from the 2014 Survey of Current Status of SA and their Workforce from the Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL). Furthermore, we mailed out an original questionnaire to SA professionals to determine their current health management status and factors that affect their performance. Data from the respondents (N = 384) were analyzed.

Results

In 2014, the workforce performing health management in SAs comprised 232 physicians, 507 nurses, and 312 occupational hygienists, with no significant regional differences in the distribution of physicians and nurses. According to the findings of the questionnaire, the average daily number of worker consultations by physicians and nurses was 22.8, while the average time taken for health management ranged from 74.3 to 104.3 min, depending on the size of the firm. Most of the respondents (41.5%) answered that they were following-up on more than 80% of individuals with illnesses. Among health management tasks, performance scores of “consultations for general diseases” and “consultations for lifestyle habits” were relatively high, whereas health promotion activities at workplaces were relatively low. There was a significant correlation between the utilization of general and special health examination results and task performance.

Conclusion

Among health management tasks, follow-up management of individuals with illnesses and consultations for disease/lifestyle habits were relatively well performed, whereas health promotion activities at workplaces were not performed well. Among factors that positively influenced SA performance at workplaces, only the utilization of health examination results had significant effects. Therefore, to accomplish health management goals and perform effective health management at workplaces, there is a need to establish a comprehensive system of occupational health service outsourcing integrating health examinations and health management services. Furthermore, the current task system, which focuses on follow-up management, should be expanded to incorporate preventive and health promotion functions—the fundamental functions of occupational health services (OHS).

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Underestimation of smoking hazards and smoking cessation intervention efficiency among healthcare professionals: A cross-sectional study among Korean occupational health nurses
Jihye Lee, Saerom Lee, Woncheol Lee, Seung Hyeun Lee, Won Gun Kwack, Young Joong Kang
Tobacco Induced Diseases.2023; 21(May): 1. CrossRef
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Ye-eun Jeon, Jea Chul Ha, Seonggyu Kim, Mi Hwa Heo, Young Rok Do, Insung Chung
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Occupational health nurses’ personal attitudes toward smoking: A cross-sectional study
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The roles of doctors, nurses, and industrial hygienists in the healthcare management services in Korea: a comparison of the opinions of specialized health management institutions and entrusted enterprises
Bo-Young Jang, Dong-Mug Kang, Young-Ki Kim, Se-Young Kim, Kyung-Sun Ko
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Erratum to: Practice status of specialized agencies for occupational health management of small- to medium-size enterprises and the factors improving their performance: a cross-sectional survey study
Saerom Lee, Jun-Pyo Myong, Eun-A Kim, Huisu Eom, Bowha Choi, Young Joong Kang
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Effectiveness of workers’ general health examination in Korea by health examination period and compliance: retrospective cohort study using nationwide data: Huisu Eom, Jun-Pyo Myong, Eun-A Kim, Bohwa Choi, Soon Woo Park, Young Joong Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:2. Published online February 17, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0160-5

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Background

Our study evaluated the effectiveness of the Workers’ General Health Examination by health examination period and compliance.

Methods

A retrospective cohort of the health examination participants in 2006 (baseline year: N = 6,527,045) was used. We identified newly occurring cardio-cerebrovascular disease over 7 years (from 2007 to 2013). After stratification by age, sex, and national health insurance type, we identified 7 years’ cumulative incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease by health examination compliance and estimated its relative risk by health examination period and compliance.

Results

The compliant group presented a lower cumulative incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease than the non-compliant group; this result was consistent across sex, working age (40s and 50s), and workplace policyholder. Relative risk of cardio-cerebrovascular disease by health examination period (1 and 2 years) showed statistically significant results in ischemic heart disease for male participants. Of men in their 40s, office workers (over a 2-year period) presented statistically higher relative risk of ischemic heart disease than non-office workers (over a 1-year period: 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.03). However, there were no consistent results in ischemic cerebrovascular disease and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease for men or cardio-cerebrovascular disease for women.

Conclusion

A 1-year period of Workers’ General Health Examinations in non-office workers had a more significant prevention effect on ischemic heart disease than a 2-year period in office workers among working age (40s–50s) men. It is, however, necessary to consider that prevention of cardio-cerebrovascular disease can be partially explained by their occupational characteristics rather than by health examination period.

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Marzieh Sadaf, MasoudMotalebi Kashani, HamidReza Saberi, Hossein Akbari, SedigheDehghani Bidgoli, Mitra Hannani
International Archives of Health Sciences.2021; 8(2): 122. CrossRef

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Editorial

The First Evaluation of Workers’ General Health Examination in Korea: Eun-A Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:1. Published online February 9, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0158-z

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Sang-Jin Lee, Balasubramanian Prithiviraj, Ho-Young Lee, Seong-Joon Kim, Young-Kyo Seo, Hyunjoo Kim, Sung-Deuk Choi
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Case Report

Carbon monoxide poisoning-induced cardiomyopathy from charcoal at a barbecue restaurant: a case report: Hyun-Jun Kim, Yun Kyung Chung, Kyeong Min Kwak, Se-Jin Ahn, Yong-Hyun Kim, Young-Su Ju, Young-Jun Kwon, Eun-A Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:13. Published online April 28, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0063-2

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Objective

Acute carbon monoxide poisoning has important clinical value because it can cause severe adverse cardiovascular effects and sudden death. Acute carbon monoxide poisoning due to charcoal is well reported worldwide, and increased use of charcoal in the restaurant industry raises concern for an increase in occupational health problems. We present a case of carbon monoxide poisoning induced cardiomyopathy in a 47-year-old restaurant worker.

Materials and methods

A male patient was brought to the emergency department to syncope and complained of left chest pain. Cardiac angiography and electrocardiography were performed to rule out acute ischemic heart disease, and cardiac markers were checked. After relief of the symptoms and stabilization of the cardiac markers, the patient was discharged without any complications.

Results

Electrocardiography was normal, but cardiac angiography showed up to a 40% midsegmental stenosis of the right coronary artery with thrombotic plaque. The level of cardiac markers was elevated at least 5 to 10 times higher than the normal value, and the carboxyhemoglobin concentration was 35% measured at one hour after syncope. Following the diagnosis of acute carbon monoxide poisoning induced cardiomyopathy, the patient’s medical history and work exposure history were examined. He was found to have been exposed to burning charcoal constantly during his work hours.

Conclusions

Severe exposure to carbon monoxide was evident in the patient because of high carboxyhemoglobin concentration and highly elevated cardiac enzymes. We concluded that this exposure led to subsequent cardiac injury. He was diagnosed with acute carbon monoxide poisoning-induced cardiomyopathy due to an unsafe working environment. According to the results, the risk of exposure to noxious chemicals such as carbon monoxide by workers in the food service industry is potentially high, and workers in this sector should be educated and monitored by the occupational health service to prevent adverse effects.

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Alisson Rodrigo Souza Reis, Matheus da Costa Gondim, Patrícia Soares Bilhalva dos Santos, Caroline Rodrigues Soares, Deivison Venicio Souza, Paula Zanatta
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Mehdi Jahangiri, Fahimeh Eskandari, Narges Karimi, Soheil Hasanipour, Mahnaz Shakerian, Asma Zare
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Shaomin Yan, Guang Wu
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Case Report

A case of multiple myeloma in a poultry worker: Pil Kyun Jung, Inah Kim, Inhyo Park, Chinyon Kim, Eun-A Kim, Jaehoon Roh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:35. Published online November 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0035-y

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Background

Livestock breeders including poultry workers are exposed to various agricultural chemicals including pesticides and/or organic solvents. Multiple myeloma is a rare disease in Korea, and few reports have investigated the influence of occupational exposures on multiple myeloma occurrence.

Case presentation

A 61-year-old male poultry farm worker presented with bone pain and generalized weakness. A bone marrow biopsy was performed, and he was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. The patient had worked in a poultry farm for 16 years and was exposed to various pesticides and organic solvents such as formaldehyde without any proper personal protective equipment. Results of the work reenactment revealed that the concentration of formaldehyde (17.53 ppm) greatly exceeded the time-weighted average (0.5 ppm) and short-term exposure limit (1.0 ppm) suggested in the Korean Industrial Safety and Health Act.

Conclusions

This case report suggests that poultry workers may be exposed to high levels of various hazardous chemicals including pesticides and/or organic solvents. Numerous previous studies have suggested an association between multiple myeloma and exposure to agricultural chemicals; thus, multiple myeloma in this patient might have resulted from the prolonged, high exposure to these chemicals.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40557-014-0035-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Occupational risk factors in health of broiler-farm workers: A systematic review
Claudia dos Anjos Magri, Rodrigo Garófallo Garcia, Erlaine Binotto, Nilsa Duarte da Silva Lima, Irenilza de Alencar Nääs, Sarah Sgavioli, Maria Fernanda de Castro Burbarelli
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Research Article

Blood lead levels of Korean lead workers in 2003–2011: Ji-Hye Kim, Eun-A Kim, Dong-Hee Koh, Kiwhan Byun, Hyang-Woo Ryu, Sang-Gil Lee; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:30-30. Published online October 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-014-0030-3

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Objectives

This study aimed to document the trend in blood lead levels in Korean lead workers from 2003 until 2011 and blood lead levels within each of the main industries.

Methods

Nine years (2003–2011) of blood lead level data measured during a special health examination of Korean lead workers and collected by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency were analyzed. Blood lead levels were determined by year, and a geometric mean (GM) was calculated for each industry division.

Results

The overall GM blood lead level for all years combined (n = 365,331) was 4.35 μg/dL. The GM blood lead level decreased from 5.89 μg/dL in 2003 to 3.53 μg/dL in 2011. The proportion of the results ≥30 μg/dL decreased from 4.3% in 2003 to 0.8% in 2011. In the “Manufacture of Electrical Equipment” division, the GM blood lead level was 7.80 μg/dL, which was the highest among the industry divisions. The GM blood lead levels were 7.35 μg/dL and 6.77 μg/dL in the “Manufacturers of Rubber and Plastic Products” and the “Manufacture of Basic Metal Products” division, respectively.

Conclusions

The blood lead levels in Korean lead workers decreased from 2003 to 2011 and were similar to those in the US and UK. Moreover, workers in industries conventionally considered to have a high risk of lead exposure also tended to have relatively high blood lead levels compared to those in other industries.

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Dae-Young Lim, Won-Yang Kang, Ji-Sung Ahn, Seunghyeon Cho, Suwhan Kim, Jai-Dong Moon, Byung-Chan Lee, Won-Ju Park
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Dong-Hee Koh, Ju-Hyun Park, Sang-Gil Lee, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Sangjun Choi, Hyejung Jung, Jae-Oh Park, Dong-Uk Park
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Milad Azami, Zainab Tardeh, Akram Mansouri, Ali Soleymani, Kourosh Sayehmiri
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Lead Poisoning at an Indoor Firing Range
Kyung Wook Kang, Won-Ju Park
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2017; 32(10): 1713. CrossRef
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Won-Ju Park, Suk-Ho Lee, Se-Ho Lee, Hye-Sik Yoon, Jai-Dong Moon
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Min-Gi Kim, Jae-Hong Ryoo, Se-Jin Chang, Chun-Bae Kim, Jong-Ku Park, Sang-Baek Koh, Yeon-Soon Ahn, Max Costa
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Research Article

Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Korea and Japan: A Comparative Description: Eun-A Kim, Minori Nakata; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:17-17. Published online June 24, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-17

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Objectives

Work related Musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) is one of the most important problem in occupational health system of Korea and Japan, where the OHS system developed in similar socio-cultural environment. This study compared WMSD in Korea and Japan to review similarities and differences in their historical background, and development of prevention policies.

Methods

Scientific articles, government reports, and related official and non-official statistics on WMSD since the 1960s in Japan and Korea were reviewed.

Results

The historical background and basic structure of the compensation system in Korea and Japan largely overlapped. The issuing of WMSD in both countries appeared as upper limb disorder (ULD), named occupational cervicobrachial diseases (OCD) in Japan, and neck-shoulder-arm syndrome (NSA) 30 years later in Korea, following the change from an industrial structure to automated office work. Both countries developed manuals for diagnosis, guidelines for workplace management, and prevention policies. At present, compensation cases per covered insurers for WMSD are higher in Korea than in Japan, due to the social welfare system and cultural environment. Prevention policies in Korea are enforced more strongly with punitive measures than in Japan. In contrast, the Japanese system requires autonomous effort toward risk control and management, focusing on specific risky processes.

Conclusions

WMSD in Korea and Japan have a similar history of identification and compensation structure, yet different compensation proportions per covered insurer and prevention policies. Follow-up study with international cooperation is necessary to improve both systems.

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Editorial

Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Dongmug Kang, Young-Ki Kim, Eun-A Kim, Dae Hwan Kim, Inah Kim, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Kyoung-Bok Min, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:14-14. Published online June 24, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-14

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Research Article

Subclinical interstitial lung damage in workers exposed to indium compounds: Sungyeul Choi, Yong-Lim Won, Dohyung Kim, Gwang-Yong Yi, Jai-Soung Park, Eun-A Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:24-24. Published online October 21, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-24

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Objectives

The present study was designed to determine whether there is a relationship between indium compound exposure and interstitial lung damage in workers employed at indium tin oxide manufacturing and reclaiming factories in Korea.

Methods

In 2012, we conducted a study for the prevention of indium induced lung damage in Korea and identified 78 workers who had serum indium or Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) levels that were higher than the reference values set in Japan (3 μg/L and 500 U/mL, respectively). Thirty-four of the 78 workers underwent chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and their data were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Geometric means (geometric standard deviations) for serum indium, KL-6, and surfactant protein D (SP-D) were 10.9 (6.65) μg/L, 859.0 (1.85) U/mL, and 179.27 (1.81) ng/mL, respectively. HRCT showed intralobular interstitial thickening in 9 workers. A dose–response trend was statistically significant for blood KL-6 levels. All workers who had indium levels ≥50 μg/L had KL-6 levels that exceeded the reference values. However, dose–response trends for blood SP-D levels, KL-6 levels, SP-D levels, and interstitial changes on the HRCT scans were not significantly different.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that interstitial lung changes could be present in workers with indium exposure. Further studies are required and health risk information regarding indium exposure should be communicated to workers and employers in industries where indium compounds are used to prevent indium induced lung damage in Korea.

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Pulmonary effects of exposure to indium and its compounds: cross-sectional survey of exposed workers and experimental findings in rodents
Nan Liu, Yi Guan, Yan Yu, Gai Li, Ling Xue, Weikang Li, Xiaoyu Qu, Ning Li, Sanqiao Yao
Particle and Fibre Toxicology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxicokinetics and systematic responses of differently sized indium tin oxide (ITO) particles in mice via oropharyngeal aspiration exposure
Jing Qu, Jianli Wang, Haopeng Zhang, Jingying Wu, Xinmo Ma, Shile Wang, Yiteng Zang, Yuhui Huang, Ying Ma, Yuna Cao, Daming Wu, Ting Zhang
Environmental Pollution.2021; 290: 117993. CrossRef
Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Indium Dust for Indium-Tin-Oxide Manufacturing Workers
Boo Wook Kim, Wonseok Cha, Sungwon Choi, Jungah Shin, Byung-Soon Choi, Miyeon Kim
Biomolecules.2021; 11(3): 419. CrossRef
Biomonitorization of concentrations of 28 elements in serum and urine among workers exposed to indium compounds
Nan Liu, Yi Guan, Bin Li, Sanqiao Yao, Yi Hu
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The early onset and persistent worsening pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in rats by indium oxide nanoparticles
Sung-Hyun Kim, Soyeon Jeon, Dong-Keun Lee, Seonghan Lee, Jiyoung Jeong, Jong Sung Kim, Wan-Seob Cho
Nanotoxicology.2020; 14(4): 468. CrossRef
Effects of indium exposure on respiratory symptoms: a retrospective cohort study in Japanese workers using health checkup data
Toshiharu Mitsuhashi
PeerJ.2020; 8: e8413. CrossRef
Application of the ICRP respiratory tract model to estimate pulmonary retention of industrially sampled indium-containing dusts
Aleksandr B. Stefaniak, M. Abbas Virji, Melissa A. Badding, Kristin J. Cummings
Inhalation Toxicology.2017; 29(4): 169. CrossRef
Respirable indium exposures, plasma indium, and respiratory health among indium‐tin oxide (ITO) workers
Kristin J. Cummings, M. Abbas Virji, Ji Young Park, Marcia L. Stanton, Nicole T. Edwards, Bruce C. Trapnell, Brenna Carey, Aleksandr B. Stefaniak, Kathleen Kreiss
American Journal of Industrial Medicine.2016; 59(7): 522. CrossRef
Indium oxide (In2O3) nanoparticles induce progressive lung injury distinct from lung injuries by copper oxide (CuO) and nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles
Jiyoung Jeong, Jeongeun Kim, Seung Hyeok Seok, Wan-Seob Cho
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Interstitial lung disorders in the indium workers of Korea: An update study for the relationship with biological exposure indices
Sungyeul Choi, Yong Lim Won, Dohyung Kim, Mi‐Young Lee, Yoon jung Choi, Jai‐Soung Park, Hyoung‐Ryoul Kim, Jung Im Jung, Sang‐Gil Lee, Eun‐A Kim
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Early Changes in Clinical, Functional, and Laboratory Biomarkers in Workers at Risk of Indium Lung Disease
Kristin J. Cummings, M. Abbas Virji, Bruce C. Trapnell, Brenna Carey, Terrance Healey, Kathleen Kreiss
Annals of the American Thoracic Society.2014; 11(9): 1395. CrossRef

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Case Report

A Case of Tracheal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma in a Worker Exposed to Rubber Fumes: Dohyung Kim, Yang-In Hwang, Sungyeul Choi, Chulyong Park, Naroo Lee, Eun-A Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:22-22. Published online October 17, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-22

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Background

Primary tracheal tumors occur infrequently, accounting for less than 0.1% of all tumors. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is the second most common type of malignancy of the trachea after squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Little has been reported on the risk factors for tracheal ACC. The purpose of this study is to describe a case of tracheal ACC in a patient who had been exposed to rubber fumes, and to review the relationship between tracheal ACC and rubber fumes.

Case report

A 48-year-old man who had been experiencing aggravation of dyspnea for several months was diagnosed as having ACC of the trachea on the basis of a pathologic examination of a biopsy specimen obtained via laser microscopy-guided resection. The patient had been exposed to rubber fumes for 10 years at a tire manufacturing factory where he worked until ACC was diagnosed. His job involved preheating and changing rubber molds during the curing process.

Conclusion

ACC of both the trachea and the salivary glands show very similar patterns with regard to histopathology and epidemiology and are therefore assumed to have a common etiology. Rubber manufacturing is an occupational risk factor for the development of salivary gland tumors. Further, rubber fumes have been reported to be mutagenic. The exposure level to rubber fumes during the curing process at the patient’s workplace was estimated to be close to or higher than British Occupational Exposure Limits. Therefore, tracheal ACC in this case might have been influenced by occupational exposure to rubber fumes.

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Research Article

Assessment of Arsenic Exposure by Measurement of Urinary Speciated Inorganic Arsenic Metabolites in Workers in a Semiconductor Manufacturing Plant: Kiwhan Byun, Yong Lim Won, Yang In Hwang, Dong-Hee Koh, Hosub Im, Eun-A Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:21-21. Published online October 11, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-21

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the exposure to arsenic in preventive maintenance (PM) engineers in a semiconductor industry by detecting speciated inorganic arsenic metabolites in the urine.

Methods

The exposed group included 8 PM engineers from the clean process area and 13 PM engineers from the ion implantation process area; the non-exposed group consisted of 14 office workers from another company who were not occupationally exposed to arsenic. A spot urine specimen was collected from each participant for the detection and measurement of speciated inorganic arsenic metabolites. Metabolites were separated by high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma spectrometry-mass spectrometry.

Results

Urinary arsenic metabolite concentrations were 1.73 g/L, 0.76 g/L, 3.45 g/L, 43.65 g/L, and 51.32 g/L for trivalent arsenic (As³⁺), pentavalent arsenic (As⁵⁺), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), and total inorganic arsenic metabolites (As³⁺ + As⁵⁺ + MMA + DMA), respectively, in clean process PM engineers. In ion implantation process PM engineers, the concentrations were 1.74 g/L, 0.39 g/L, 3.08 g/L, 23.17 g/L, 28.92 g/L for As³⁺, As⁵⁺, MMA, DMA, and total inorganic arsenic metabolites, respectively. Levels of urinary As³⁺, As⁵⁺, MMA, and total inorganic arsenic metabolites in clean process PM engineers were significantly higher than that in the non-exposed group. Urinary As³⁺ and As⁵⁺ levels in ion implantation process PM engineers were significantly higher than that in non-exposed group.

Conclusion

Levels of urinary arsenic metabolites in PM engineers from the clean process and ion implantation process areas were higher than that in office workers. For a complete assessment of arsenic exposure in the semiconductor industry, further studies are needed.

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Exposure assessment of process by-product nanoparticles released during the preventive maintenance of semiconductor fabrication facilities
Bo-Xi Liao, Neng-Chun Tseng, Ziyi Li, Yingshu Liu, Jen-Kun Chen, Chuen-Jinn Tsai
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Ari S. Lewis, Leslie A. Beyer, Ke Zu
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Inah Kim, Myoung-Hee Kim, Sinye Lim, Roger C. Young
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The separation of arsenic metabolites in urine by high performance liquid chromatographyinductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
Jin-Yong Chung, Hyoun-Ju Lim, Young-Jin Kim, Ki-Hoon Song, Byoung-Gwon Kim, Young-Seoub Hong
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Case Report

Two Cases of Lung Cancer in Foundry Workers: Inchul Jeong, Innshil Ryu, Boowook Kim, Inhyo Park, Jong-Uk Won, Eun-A Kim, Inah Kim, Jaehoon Roh; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:16-16. Published online September 16, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-16

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Iron and steel foundry workers are exposed to various toxic and carcinogenic substances including crystalline silica, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and arsenic. Studies have been conducted on lung cancer in iron and steel founding workers and the concentration of crystalline silica in foundries; however, the concentration of crystalline silica and cases of lung cancer in a single foundry has never been reported in Korea. Therefore, the authors report two cases of lung cancer and concentration of crystalline silica by the X-ray diffraction method.
Case presentation
A 55-year-old blasting and grinding worker who worked in a foundry for 33 years was diagnosed with lung cancer. Another 64-year-old forklift driver who worked in foundries for 39 years was also diagnosed with lung cancer. Shot blast operatives were exposed to the highest level of respirable quartz (0.412 mg/m³), and a forklift driver was exposed to 0.223 mg/m³.
Conclusions
The lung cancer of the two workers is very likely due to occupationally related exposure given their occupational history, the level of exposure to crystalline silica, and epidemiologic evidence. Further studies on the concentration of crystalline silica in foundries and techniques to reduce the crystalline silica concentration are required.

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Review

Historical review of the List of Occupational Diseases recommended by the International Labour organization (ILO): Eun-A Kim, Seong-Kyu Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:14-14. Published online August 5, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-14

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The list of occupational diseases established in the international and national legal system has played important roles in both prevention of and compensation for workers’ diseases. This report reviewed the historical development in the ILO list of occupational diseases and suggested implications of the trends. Since the first establishment of the ILO list of occupational diseases in 1925, the list has played a key role in harmonizing the development of policies on occupational diseases at the international level. The three occupational diseases (anthrax, lead poisoning, and mercury poisoning) in the first ILO list of occupational diseases, set up in 1925 as workmen’s compensation convention represented an increase of occupational diseases from the Industrial Revolution. Until the 1960s, 10 occupational diseases had been representative compensable occupational diseases listed in Convention No. 121, which implies that occupational diseases in this era were equated to industrial poisoning. Since 1980, with advancements in diagnostic techniques and medical science, noise-induced hearing loss, and several bronchopulmonary diseases have been incorporated into the ILO occupational list. Since 2002, changes in the structure of industries, emerging new chemicals, and advanced national worker’s compensation schemes have provoked the ILO to revise the occupational disease list. A new format of ILO list appended in Recommendation 194 (R194) was composed of two dimensions (causes and diseases) and subcategories. Among 50 member states that had provided their national lists of occupational diseases, until 2012 thirty countries were found to have the list occupational diseases having similar structure to ILO list in R194.

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