Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Association between discrimination in the workplace and insomnia symptoms: Suhwan Ju, Seong-Sik Cho, Jung Il Kim, Hoje Ryu, Hyunjun Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e25. Published online July 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e25

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub: Background
In Korea, little research has focused on the relationship between discrimination in the workplace and sleep health. Thus, this study aims to investigate the association between such discriminatory experiences and insomnia, a common sleep disorder, using Korean employees’ data.
Methods
This study used data from the 6th Korea Working Conditions Survey. Discrimination experiences due to age, ethnic background, nationality, race, sex, religion, disability, sexual orientation, educational level, hometown, and employment status were investigated. The Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale estimated insomnia symptoms. The association between discrimination experience and insomnia symptoms were analyzed using survey-weighted logistic regression analysis.
Results
Based on experiences of discrimination over the past 12 months, insomnia symptoms were associated with discrimination experience due to religion (odds ratio [OR]: 3.70; 95% confidential interval [CI]: 1.58–8.69), sex (OR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.87–3.37), age (OR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.88–2.81), hometown (OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.44–2.97), employment status (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.37–2.10), and educational level (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.31–2.14). Furthermore, the prevalence of insomnia symptoms increased with the number of discrimination experiences.
Conclusions
In this study, discrimination experiences due to religion, sex, age, hometown, employment status, and educational level were significantly associated with insomnia symptoms. Furthermore, as the number of discrimination experiences increased, so did the prevalence of insomnia. Preventing workplace discrimination may improve workers’ sleep health.; 직장에서의 차별 경험과 불면증 증상 간의 연관성
목적
한국에서 차별 경험과 수면 장애 간의 연관성에 대한 연구가 거의 없었다. 따라서, 이 연구의 목적은 직장에서의 차별 경험과 불면증 증상의 연관성을 조사하는 것이다.
방법
이 연구는 제6차 근로환경조사의 자료를 활용하였다. 나이, 출신민족, 국적, 인종, 성, 종교, 장애, 성적 지향성, 학벌, 출신 지역, 고용 형태 등 총 11개 종류의 차별에 대한 경험 유무를 조사하였다. 수면 장애는 minimal insomnia symptom scale (MISS)을 사용하여 불면증 증상의 유무를 조사하였다. 둘 사이의 연관성을 평가하기 위해 가중치를 이용한 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하였다.
결과
종교(odds ratio [OR], 3.70; 95% confidential interval [CI], 1.58–8.69), 성 (OR, 2.51 ; 95% CI, 1.87–3.37), 나이 (OR, 2.30 ; 95% CI, 1.88–2.81), 출신 지역 (OR, 2.07 ; 95% CI, 1.44–2.97), 고용 형태 (OR, 1.69 ; 95% CI, 1.37–2.10), 학벌 (OR, 1.67 ; 95% CI, 1.31–2.14)에 대한 차별 경험과 불면증 증상 간의 연관성이 확인되었다. 또한, 경험한 차별의 종류가 많을수록 불면증 증상의 유병률이 증가하는 경향이 확인되었다.
결론
이 연구에서 직장에서의 종교, 성별, 나이, 고향, 고용상태, 교육수준에 대한 차별 경험과 불면증 증상 간의 연관성이 확인되었다. 직장에서의 차별을 예방함으로써 근로자들의 수면 건강을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다.

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Original Article

Transnational ties with the home country matters: the moderation effect of the relationship between perceived discrimination and self-reported health among foreign workers in Korea: Yaena Song, Sou Hyun Jang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e18. Published online July 19, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e18

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Little attention has been paid to the relationship between perceived discrimination and self-rated health (SRH) among foreign workers in Korea. Transnational ties with the home country are known to be critical among immigrants, as they allow the maintenance of social networks and support. Nonetheless, as far as we know, no studies have examined the impact of transnational ties on SRH itself and the relationship between perceived discrimination and SRH, which the current study tries to examine.

Methods

Logistic regression analyses were conducted using the 2013 Survey on Living Conditions of Foreign Workers in Korea. Adult foreign workers from different Asian countries (n = 1,370) participated in this study. The dependent variable was good SRH and the independent variable was perceived discrimination. Transnational ties with the home country, as a moderating variable, was categorized into broad (i.e., contacting family members in the home country) vs. narrow types (i.e., visiting the home country).

Results

Foreign workers who perceived discrimination had a lower rate of good SRH than those who did not perceive discrimination. Broad social transnational ties moderated the relationship between perceived discrimination and SRH; narrow social transnational ties did not.

Conclusions

In line with previous studies, an association was found between perceived discrimination and SRH. Broad social transnational ties can be a good source of social support and buffer against the distress of perceived discrimination.

한국거주 외국인 노동자의 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 관계: 모국과의 초국가적 연계의 조절효과를 중심으로
목적
1990년대 이후 외국인노동자의 숫자는 한국 사회에서 점차 증가하고 있다. 여러 선행연구들에서 연구자들은 차별인식과 주관적 건강이 부(-)의 관계가 있음을 밝혔으나, 한국적 맥락에서 외국인 노동자들의 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 상관관계를 본 연구는 드물다. 최근 기술의 발전에 따라 이주민들의 모국과의 초국가적 연계(transnational ties with the home country)가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 초국가적 연계가 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 상관관계를 조절하는지에 대한 연구는 부재하여, 본 연구에서 고찰해 보고자 한다.
방법
본 연구는 2013년 체류외국인실태조사를 이용하여 1) 차별인식과 주관적 건강과의 상관관계와 2) 모국과의 초국가적 연계의 조절 효과를 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 알아본다 (N=1,370). 종속변수는 양호한 주관적 건강(good self-rated health)이었으며, 독립변수는 한국에 거주하는 동안 인식한 차별(perceived discrimination) 여부이다. 조절변수로는 넓은 모국과의 초국가적 연계(모국에 있는 가족이나 친구와 연락하는 빈도)와 좁은 연계(모국 방문 빈도)로 측정되었다.
결과
한국 내에서의 차별인식과 주관적 건강은 부의 관계가 있었다. 모국에 있는 가족이나 친구와의 연락을 통한 넓은 의미의 초국가적 연계는 이 관계를 조절하였으나 모국을 방문하는 좁은 의미의 초국가적 연계는 조절 효과가 없었다.
결론
한국 내에 외국인 노동자에 대한 차별을 줄이는 노력과 더불어 외국인 노동자들이 모국에 있는 가족, 친구들과 초국가적으로 긴밀히 연결되어 이를 통해 사회적 지지를 받을 수 있도록 돕는 정책과 지원이 필요하다.

Citations

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Innocent Comrades or Blameworthy Foreigners: Transborder Ethnic Boundary Formation by South Korean Newspapers and Readers Amidst Anti‐Asian Racism in the US
Ji‐won Lee, Hyerim Jo
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Ethnic discrimination, asking for fair treatment, and poor self-rated health: a gender stratified analysis of 13,443 Korean Chinese waged workers in South Korea
Hayoung Lee, Ji-Hwan Kim, Garin Lee, Hyelin Lee, Mita Huq, Delanjathan Devakumar, Seung-Sup Kim
International Journal for Equity in Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Association of discrimination and presenteeism with cardiovascular disease: the Fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey: Kyusung Kim, Sung-il Cho, Domyung Paek; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e28. Published online October 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e28

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Discrimination is a representative social determinant of health. Presenteeism is defined as presenting to work despite of illness and is an indicator of group health. We investigated the association of discrimination and presenteeism with cardiovascular disease using Korean data.

Methods

This study used the fourth Korea Working Conditions Survey (2014) data of 27,662 wage workers (employees). Presenteeism and discrimination related to age, sex, education, birth region, and employment type were ascertained. Self-reported cardiovascular disease was also assessed using the survey questionnaire. General and occupational characteristics found to be significant in univariate analyses were entered into a multivariate logistic regression analysis of the association of discrimination and presenteeism with cardiovascular disease. We also calculated the odds ratios of multiple discriminations and/or presenteeism for cardiovascular disease.

Results

In the univariate analyses, sex, age, education, monthly income, employment type, occupation, hours worked per week, workplace scale, and shift work were significantly associated with cardiovascular disease. A multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for general and occupational characteristics showed that discrimination and presenteeism were significantly associated with cardiovascular disease. Finally, the association with cardiovascular disease was strongest when both multiple discriminations and presenteeism were present.

Conclusions

Discrimination and presenteeism are associated with cardiovascular disease, and this association was stronger in the presence of multiple types of discrimination and presenteeism.

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The effect of occupational coping self-efficacy on presenteeism among ICU nurses in Chinese public hospitals: a cross-sectional study
Jijun Wu, Yuxin Li, Qin Lin, Jiquan Zhang, Zhenfan Liu, Xiaoli Liu, Xian Rong, Xiaoli Zhong
Frontiers in Psychology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Sickness Presenteeism in Shift and Non-Shift Nurses: Using the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey
Ari Min, Minkyung Kang, Hye Chong Hong
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(6): 3236. CrossRef

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Research

The association between perceived discriminations and well-being in Korean employed workers: the 4th Korean working conditions survey: Hee Sung Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Sung Won Jung, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:46. Published online October 2, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0205-9

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Around the globe, discrimination has emerged as a social issue requiring serious consideration. From the perspective of public health, the impact of discrimination on the health of affected individuals is a subject of great importance. On the other hand, subjective well-being is a key indicator of an individual’s physical, mental, and social health. The present study aims to analyze the relationship between Korean employed workers’ subjective health and their exposure to perceived discrimination.

Methods

The Fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS, 2014) was conducted on a representative sample of the economically active population aged 15 years or older, who were either employees or self-employed at the time of interview. After removing inconsistent data, 32,984 employed workers were examined in this study. The data included general and occupational characteristics, perceived discrimination, and well-being. Well-being was measured through the WHO-Five index (1998 version). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between perceived discrimination and well-being.

Result

As a group, employed workers who were exposed to discrimination had a significantly higher likelihood of “poor well-being” than their counterparts who were not exposed to discrimination. More specifically, the workers exposed to age discrimination had an odds ratio(OR) of 1.51 (95% CI: 1.36–1.68), workers exposed to discrimination based on educational attainment had an OR of 1.43 (95% CI: 1.26–1.61), and workers exposed to discrimination based on employment type had an OR of 1.68 (95% CI: 1.48–1.91) with respect to poor well-being.

Furthermore, workers exposed to a greater number of discriminatory incidents were also at a higher risk of “poor well-being” than their counterparts who were exposed to fewer such incidents. More specifically, the workers with three exposures to discrimination had an OR of 2.60 (95% CI: 1.92–3.53), the workers with two such exposures had an OR of 1.69 (95% CI: 1.44–1.99), and the workers with one such exposure had an OR of 1.32 (95% CI: 1.20–1.45).

Conclusion

The present study found that discrimination based on age, educational attainment, or employment type put workers at a higher risk of “poor well-being,” and that the greater the exposure to discrimination, the higher the risk of poor well-being.

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Wonjeong Jeong, Yun Kyung Kim, Sarah Soyeon Oh, Jin-Ha Yoon, Eun-Cheol Park
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2020; 62(8): 574. CrossRef
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Go Choi, Shin-Goo Park, Youna Won, Hyeonwoo Ju, Sung Wook Jang, Hyung Doo Kim, Hyun-Suk Jang, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jong-Han Leem
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Association of discrimination and presenteeism with cardiovascular disease: the Fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey
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Research Article

What causes the experience of discrimination in non-regular workers?: Seong-Hoon Kang, Jin-Ho Song, Tae Hwan Koh, Do Myung Paek, Jong-Tae Park, HoSun Chun; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:35. Published online August 15, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0192-x

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Background

Discrimination based on type of employment against non-regular workers is still a social issue. However, there are few studies on job factors that affect the discrimination experience in each type of employment or the association between discrimination and health impact indicators. This study examined occupational health characteristics according to discrimination experience and relating factors that affect discrimination experience.

Methods

This study used the 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey (2014) provided by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency. Among the 50,000 workers, 7731 non-regular wage workers were selected as study population. To examine differences in discrimination experience, we used a t-test on occupational risk factors, occupational stress, occupational characteristics, health impact indicators. To identify the factors that affected discrimination experience, we performed binomial logistic regression analysis.

Results

The discrimination experience rate was significantly higher in male, aged less than 40 years old, above high school graduate than middle school graduate, higher wage level, shorter employment period and larger company’s scale. As factors related to discrimination experience, they experienced discrimination more as occupational stress was higher and when they were temporary or daily workers rather than permanent workers, work patterns were not consistent, and the support of boss was low. It showed that physical, musculoskeletal, and mental occupational risk scores and subjective job instability were higher and work environment satisfaction was lower in discrimination experienced group.

Conclusions

The present study showed that the demographic and occupational factors were complexly related to discrimination experience in non-regular workers. The experience of discrimination had increased when occupational stress was higher, they were temporary or daily workers rather than permanent workers, work patterns were not consistent, and their boss’ support was low. Improving various relating factors, (e.g. occupational stresses, employment status and occupational characteristics), this would ultimately expect to improve non-regular workers’ discrimination.

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‘You are less credible in life, less reliable… people don’t want to give you a chance’ - a qualitative study on the experience of inferiority among non-standard workers in Belgium
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Research Article

The association between Korean workers’ presenteeism and psychosocial factors within workplaces: Yun-Sik Cho, Jae Bum Park, Kyung-Jong Lee, Kyoung-Bok Min, Chul-In Baek; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:41. Published online September 7, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0124-1

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Presenteeism, a concept that has recently undergone active study, is the act of attending work while sick. This study investigates the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces.

Methods

This study analyzed 29246 wage earners from the third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS, 2011) data using the logistic regression analysis to investigate the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces.

Results

Among the 29246 wage earners, 6347 (21.7 %) showed presenteeism. Those who experienced age discrimination at work (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.77: 95 % CI 1.56–2.00), educational background discrimination (aOR 1.35: 95 % CI 1.22–1.51), regional discrimination (aOR 1.55: 95 % CI 1.31–1.83), sexual discrimination (aOR 1.65: 95 % CI 1.41–1.94), employment type discrimination (aOR 2.13: 95 % CI 1.89–2.40), physical violence (aOR 1.92: 95 % CI 1.45–2.55), sexual harassment (aOR 2.90: 95 % CI 2.01–4.19), job insecurity (aOR 1.36: 95 % CI 1.18–1.56), work–life imbalance (aOR 1.38: 95 % CI 1.29–1.47), low job satisfaction (aOR 2.04: 95 % CI 1.91–2.17), no colleague support (aOR 1.11: 95 % CI 1.02–1.21), job stress (aOR 1.89: 95 % CI 1.76–2.02), emotional labor (aOR 1.50: 95 % CI 1.41–1.60), high work intensity (aOR 1.31: 95 % CI 1.23–1.38), and 3 groups of job strain that are passive group (aOR 1.09: 95 % CI 1.00–1.18), active group (aOR 1.39: 95 % CI 1.28–1.51), and high strain group (aOR 1.35: 95 % CI 1.24–1.46) showed an increased risk of presenteeism compared to their respective counterparts (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

The study results confirmed the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces. Considering that presenteeism negatively affects productivity and the mental and physical health of individuals, managing various psychosocial factors within workplaces is proposed to reduce presenteeism.

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Research Article

The association between perceived discrimination and depression/anxiety disorders among Korean workers: analysis of the third Korean Working Conditions Survey: Sang Hyun Lee, Hee Sung Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:32. Published online August 2, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0121-4

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Discrimination is a long-standing social problem, and interest in the health effects of discrimination has been increasing. Unfortunately, Korean workers experience various types and combinations of discrimination. This study aimed to examine the association between perceived discrimination and depression/anxiety disorders among Korean workers.

Methods

Data from 33,530 paid workers were extracted from the third Korean Working Conditions Survey. The data included general characteristics, occupational characteristics, perceived discrimination, and depression/anxiety disorders. To examine the relationship between perceived discrimination and depression/anxiety disorders, multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate depression/anxiety disorders as the dependent variable and perceived discrimination as the independent variable, after adjusting for relevant general and occupational characteristics.

Results

After adjusting for the relevant general and occupational characteristics, we observed that male and female workers who had experienced perceived discrimination exhibited a significantly higher likelihood of having depression/anxiety disorders. The odds ratios among male and female workers were 3.25 (95 % confidence interval: 2.45–4.32) and 4.56 (95 % confidence interval: 3.45–6.03), respectively.

Conclusions

Perceived discrimination was significantly related to depression or anxiety disorders among Korean workers. The risk of depression or anxiety was higher among female workers, compared to male workers.

Citations

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PLOS Global Public Health.2024; 4(8): e0003373. CrossRef
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Julia Hufnagl
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The Association between Perceived Discrimination and Mental Health of Wage Workers with Disabilities: Findings from the Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled 2016–2018
Hyeon Ji Lee, Wonjeong Jeong, Doukyoung Chon, Jae-Hyun Kim, Jong Youn Moon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(14): 8541. CrossRef
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Li He, Kun Wang, Zixian Zhang, Jiangyin Wang, Tianyang Li, Yuting Wang, Lixingzi Yang, Yuanyang Wu, Shuo Zhang, Siqing Zhang, Hualei Yang
Frontiers in Psychiatry.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Wise Intervention on Perceived Discrimination Among College Students Returning Home From Wuhan During the COVID-19 Outbreak
Ting Lu, Zihan Guo, Hao Li, Xinyu Zhang, Zhihong Ren, Weiping Yang, Liuqing Wei, Ling Huang
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Alvaro Monterrosa-Castro, Velia Redondo-Mendoza, María Mercado-Lara
Journal of Investigative Medicine.2020; 68(7): 1228. CrossRef
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Nagyeong Lee, Ji‐Hwan Kim, Ja Young Kim, Seung‐Sup Kim
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The association between perceived discriminations and well-being in Korean employed workers: the 4th Korean working conditions survey
Hee Sung Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Sung Won Jung, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Relationship of activities outside work to sleep and depression/anxiety disorders in Korean workers: the 4th Korean working condition survey
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Evaluation of Early Neurologic Abnormalities on the Workers Exposed to Acrylamide: Seong Soon Kim, Hae Kwan Cheong, Yong Wook Kwon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(3):367-383. Published online September 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.3.367

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Acrylamide is a neurotoxin inducing central-peripheral distal axonopathy. The authors evaluated several neurologic tests to screen the early effect of occupational acrylamide exposure.
METHODS
Fifty-two males working either in the production of acrylamide monomer or in the handling of acrylamide in Ulsan, Korea, were selected and subcategorized into the high-exposure group (n=10, mean age of 30. 4 years) and the low-exposure group (n=42, mean age of 28.9 years). Twenty-three males (mean age 29.4 years) from medical professionals and students were chosen as a non-exposed reference group. Symptom questionnaire, neurologic examination, electrodiagnostic test, vibrotactile threshold test, and Lanthony desaturated 15 panel test (LD-15D) were done.
RESULTS
The high-exposure group showed more number of specific symptoms on questionnaire and more abnormal two point discrimination test. High-exposure group showed a significant difference in the median motor conduction velocity, peroneal nerve motor latency, sensory amplitude of median nerve action potential, and sensory latency of sural nerve. The vibrotactile threshold of the high-exposure group was significantly higher in both hands and feet than that of the low-exposure group and the reference group. Average color confusion index on the LD-15D was significantly higher in the high-exposure group (median 22.7, range 0-135.7) than in the reference group (median 2.4, range 0-33.2).
CONCLUSIONS
The symptom questionnaire, vibrotactile threshold test, and color discrimination test are sensitive in detection of the early acrylamide-induced neuropathy, and the combination of these tests would further facilitate the effectiveness of the screening.

Citations

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Usefulness of Color Vision Test for Early Detection of Neurological Damages by Neurotoxic Substances
Eun-Hee Lee, Kyungho Choi, Hong Jae Chae, Domyung Paek
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2008; 41(6): 397. CrossRef

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