Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Research Article

Validation of urinary 1,2-dichloropropane concentration as a biological exposure index for workers exposed to 1,2-dichloropropane: Chung-Soo Park, Hyun-Soo Kim, Yeon-Soon Ahn, Jung-Ho Ahn, Kyoung Sook Jeong; Ann Occup Environ Med 2020;32:e24. Published online July 7, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2020.32.e24

Background

The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) as a human carcinogen in 2016. It is necessary to establish a health monitoring system for workers exposed to 1,2-DCP. We investigated the correlation between 1,2-DCP concentration in air and urine to determine whether it is appropriate to measure 1,2-DCP in urine as a biological exposure index (BEI).

Methods

Twenty-seven workers from 3 manufacturing industries handling 1,2-DCP participated in this study. Airborne 1,2-DCP was collected by personal air. Urine samples were collected at the end of work and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Correlation analysis and simple regression analysis were performed to investigate the relationship between 1,2-DCP concentration in urine and air.

Results

Pearson correlation coefficients between total 1,2-DCP in air and urine (uncorrected, creatinine-corrected) were 0.720 and 0.819, respectively. For urine samples analyzed within 2 weeks, the Spearman's rho of 1,2-DCP concentration in urine (uncorrected and creatinine-corrected) was 0.906 and 0.836, respectively. Simple regression analysis of 1,2-DCP in air and urinary 1,2-DCP concentrations within 2 weeks, which showed the highest correlation, revealed that the coefficient of determination of 1,2-DCP concentration in urine (uncorrected and creatinine-corrected) was 0.801 and 0.784, respectively.

Conclusions

As a BEI for workers exposed to 1,2-DCP, urinary 1,2-DCP without creatinine correction better reflects the exposure levels of 1,2-DCP in air.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Acute 1,2-Dichloropropane Poisoning due to Ingestion of Rubber Cement
Qiuyu Pang, Lexin Zheng, Ruoyu Huang, Heng Xu, Chong Pan, Zhiyong Wang, Tao Wang
American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Systematic review of the human health hazards of propylene dichloride
Heather N. Lynch, Jordan S. Kozal, Melissa J. Vincent, Rachel D. Freid, Evan M. Beckett, Sarah Brown, Claire Mathis, Rita S. Schoeny, Andrew Maier
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology.2023; 144: 105468. CrossRef

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Original Article

Effect of Toluene on Phenol and S-phenylmercapturic Acid Excretion as Urinary Metabolites of Benzene in Rats: Jong Kook Moon, Chi Nyon Kim, Jae Hoon Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;14(2):143-153. Published online June 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2002.14.2.143

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to provide accurate exposure evaluation of workers in a biologicallymonitored state who were simultaneously exposed to benzene and toluene. For the purpose of this study, an animal experiment was conducted.
METHODS
The following concentrations of solvents were administered orally to Sprague-Dawley rats : benzene at 2.26 mg/kg body weight (equivalent concentration to the 2.5 ppm, Threshold Limit Value-ShortTerm Exposure Limit, in the USA) and 9.02 mg/kg body weight (equivalent concentration to the 10 ppm, Threshold Limit Value-TimeWeighted Average in Korea), simultaneously with toluene at 106.42 mg/kg body weight (equivalent concentration to the 100 ppm, Threshold Limit Value-TimeWeighted RESULTS: The following results were obtained from the analysis of reading taken at 3hour intervals of S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) and phenol concentration in urine metabolites of benzene after oral administration for 30 hours. 1. The concentrations of phenol and SPMA in urine were markedly decreased in the initial phase of the mixed group (both benzene and toluene administered group) as compared with the benzeneonly administered group, and the concentrations were slightly elevated. 2. The total excreted amounts of phenol and SPMA in urine decreased in the mixed group compared with the benzene-only group, and these decreases were more remarkable at the benzene administration concentration of 9.02 mg/kg than at 2.26 mg/kg. 3. The urinary excretions of phenol and SPMA were delayed in the case of the mixed group, and the extent of the delay was dependent on the amount of benzene administrat CONCLUSIONS: Benzene metabolism was suppressed by toluene, and hence the excretion of phenol and SPMA as urinary metabolites of benzene was delayed. This result will have applications in the interpretation of results from future biological monitoring of workers exposed to mixed solvents. We should not underestimate the importance of carefully interpreting the results of biological monitoring data when workers are exposed to mixed solvents. We should not underestimate the importance of carefully interpreting the results of biological monitoring data when workers are exposed to mixed benzene and toluene.

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Original Article

Urinary 2-Ethoxyacetic Acid for Biological Monitoring of Workers Exposed to 2-Ethoxyethyl Acetate: Kwang Jong Kim, Sang Gyu Sung, Jung Chul Kim, Hae Joon Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;11(2):276-286. Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1999.11.2.276

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to evaluate the association between urinary 2-ethoxyacetic acid(EAA) as a new indicator of biological monitoring for the workers exposed to 2-etho xyethyl acetate(EEA) and independent variables such as the EEA exposure concentration, exposure dose, total EEA absorption amount, work duration, and alcohol consumption. In this study the subjects were the total of 160 drawn from 75 workers who were occupationally exposed to EEA and 85 workers who were not. The results were as follows: 1. In the electronic painting workplace, EEA exposure concentration in the breathing zone of the spray workers was the highest, as showed 2. 88ppm(0. 01-15.1 ppm) and cases of exceeded threshold limit value(TLV = 5ppm) were 12.0% among the total of 75 exposed workers. 2. Four workers(5. 4%) of exposed workers indicated more than 50.0 mg/g creatinine of urinary EAA, the geometric mean urinary EAA in exposed workers was 2.49 mg/g creatinine, and was higher than that of workers who were not exposed. 3. In the spray workers of auto products, the geometric mean of urinary BAA was the highest showing 5.76 mg/g creatinine. 4. The difference of urinary BAA by EEA exposure level was significant and the correlation coefficient between urinary BAA and EEA in air was the highest showing 0. 53O(p < 0.01). In conclusion, the amount of urianry EAA proved to be a good parameter for biological monitoring of workers exposed to EEA.

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Case Report

A Study on the N-methylformamide Excretion Rate of Workers at Synthetic Leather Factories in Korea: Ki Woong Kim, Byung Soon Choi, Seong Kyu Kang, Young Hahn Moon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;11(1):106-112. Published online March 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1999.11.1.106

Abstract PDF

This study was conducted to examine the excretion rate of dimethylformamide (DMF) from the workers exposed to DMF. The study was done at two synthetic leather factories located in Kyeonggi-do from the period of May 2 to 30, 1996. N-methyl- formamide (NMF) concentrations in urine were measured and compared by the three exposure level of DMF in air. The mean concentration of the Low (dry and winder part). Moderate (rinsing part) and High (mixing and coating part) exposure group were 3.99+/-3.54. 10.19 +/-5.69 and 32.10+/-7.87 mg/m3 during workshift of 8 hours, respectively. The mean concentration of urinary N-methylforinamide (NMF) were 2.13+/-2.58, 11.16+/-4.98 and 26.24 +/-7.35 mg/g creatinine, respectively. The concentration of NMIF in urine could reach to maximum in 3 hours and was reduced nearly to zero in about 18 hours after exposure to DMF.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Hepatotoxicity in Rats Treated with Dimethylformamide or Toluene or Both
Ki-Woong Kim, Yong Hyun Chung
Toxicological Research.2013; 29(3): 187. CrossRef
Assessment of correlation between markers of ambient monitoring and biological monitoring of dimethylformamide for workers in synthetic leather manufacturing factories in Korea
Yang In Hwang, Mi-Young Lee, Yun Kyung Chung, Eun A Kim
Analytical Science and Technology.2013; 26(5): 315. CrossRef
Clinical Outcomes of Occupational Exposure to N,N-Dimethylformamide: Perspectives from Experimental Toxicology
Tae Hyun Kim, Sang Geon Kim
Safety and Health at Work.2011; 2(2): 97. CrossRef

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Original Article

Evaluation of Mercury Concentration in Spot Urine for Biological Monitoring Among Metallic Mercury Exposed Workers: Durumee Hong, Soon Duck Kim, Yong Tae Yum, Jae Wook Choi; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(1):127-136. Published online February 29, 1996; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.1.127

Abstract PDF: Biological monitoring for exposures permits estimation of organ doses or body burdens from exposures through all relevant portals of entry. Biological monitoring data may be used to estimate environmental concentrations when the latter cannot be measured directly. Biological indices are usually surrogates for the concentration of a chemical or its metabolites or its effect at the true receptors. Mercury concentration in urine has-been most-coinmoialy-recommended as a biological exposure index of mercury. For data based on urine analysis, variation in urine volume is the most significant. The urinary concentration related to excretion of the solute provides some correction for fluctuation of urine output. Sampling time must be carefully observed because distribution and elimination of a chemical are kinetic events. This study has evaluated mercury concentration in spot urine compared to the results of 24 hour collected urine by the adjustment methods (specif ic gravity, creatinine) and sampling time. The subjects were 43 workers who had been exposed to the metallic mercury. The results were as follows: 1. The correlation coefficients between mercury concentration in 24 hour urine and that in spot urine were 0.639-0.715 and were not different by adjustment methods. 2. In the high exposure group who were over lOOug/1 of urinary mercury, the correlation coefficients between mercury concentration in 24 hour urine and that in spot urine were 0. 687-0.824 and were not different by adjustment methods. 3. Mercury concentration in spot urine were very variable by sampling time or exposure time. The correlation coefficients between mercury concentration in 24 hour urine and that in spot urine were most highest as 0.85-0.91 at first voiding urine in the morning, and were 0. 77-0.86 at urine collected within four hours before end of shift. In the biological monitoring to exposure of mercury, sampling of spot urine were most proper at first voiding urine in the morning, and then at urine collected within four hours before end of shift. But the adjustment methods of specific gravity and creatinine were no difference of the results.

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Original Article

Biological Monitorings of Workers Exposed to Toluene diisocyanate: Yeon Soon Ahn, Jae Hoon Roh, Chi Nyon Kim, Yun Jung Park, Sang Hyuk Jung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1995;7(2):354-361. Published online October 31, 1995; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1995.7.2.354

Abstract PDF

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is widely used in the production of flexible polyurethane foams, as well as in the formulation of polyurethane paints and coatings. The commercial material is generally a mixture of 2,4- and 2,6-TDI, the predominant mix being 80% 2,4 and 20% 2,6-TDI. The 2,4-isomer is considerably more reactive than the 2,6-TDI at ambient temperatures due to steric factors involving the positions of the isocyanate groups relative to the ring methyl group. Because of this difference in the reactivities of the isomers, it seemed probable that there might be an increase in the amount of 2,6-TDI offgased relative to the 2,4-isomer. Therfore a relative enrichment of the 2,6-TDI has been found in industrial atmospheres. Toluene diamines, which are metabolites of TDI, in urine have a linear relation with exposure to TDI, so that urianry TDA could be used as a biological index of the exposure to TDI. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of TDI isomer in industrial atmospheres and to propose proper biological monitoring methods by identifying the relationships between the environmental TDI exposure and concentration of TDA in urine. Concentrations of 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI in air were 4.38microgram/m3 and 25.43microgram/m3, respectively. The Threshold Limited Value of 40microgram/m3 was exceeded for the 2,6-TDI in about 46.8% (22samples) of the samples, while the 2,4-TDI was not at all exceeded. The ratio between 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI varied in air samples in the range, of 2.4%:97.6%-51.0%:49.0%. There was an enrichment of 2,6-TDI in air relative to the 2,4-TDL Concentrations of 2,4-TDA and 2,6-TDA in urine were 1.31microgram/g creatinine and 4.16microgram/g creatinine, respectively. The ratio between 2, 4-TDA and 2,6-TDA varied in urine samples in the range of 1.4%:98.6%-99.9%:0.1%. There was an enrichment of 2,6-TDA in urine relative to the 2,4-TDA. No relation between the concerations of TDA isomer in urine and concerations of TDI isomer in air was found. Above results of this study, workers were more exposed to the 2,6-TDI relative to the 2,4-TDI in industrial atmospheres. Therefore, the establishment of TLV for 2,6-TDI should be considered. Also, the further studies on biological monitorigs of workers exposed to TDI should be continued.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Biological Monitoring of Workers Exposed to Diisocyanates using Urinary Diamines
Jong Seong Lee, Boowook Kim, Jungah Shin, JinEe Baek, Jae Hoon Shin, Ji-hye Kim
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2016; 26(2): 178. CrossRef

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