Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Association between ambient particulate matter levels and hypertension: results from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study: Sewhan Na, Jong-Tae Park, Seungbeom Kim, Jinwoo Han, Saemi Jung, Kyeongmin Kwak; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e51. Published online December 4, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e51

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Recently, there has been increasing worldwide concern about outdoor air pollution, especially particulate matter (PM), which has been extensively researched for its harmful effects on the respiratory system. However, sufficient research on its effects on cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, remains lacking. In this study, we examine the associations between PM levels and hypertension and hypothesize that higher PM concentrations are associated with elevated blood pressure.
Methods
A total of 133,935 adults aged ≥ 40 years who participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were analyzed. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate the short- (1–14 days), medium- (1 and 3 months), and long-term (1 and 2 years) impacts of PM on blood pressure. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the medium- and long-term effects of PM on blood pressure elevation after adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, health-related lifestyle behaviors, and geographic areas.
Results
Using multiple linear regression analyses, both crude and adjusted models generated positive estimates, indicating an association with increased blood pressure, with all results being statistically significant, with the exception of PM levels over the long-term period (1 and 2 years) in non-hypertensive participants. In the logistic regression analyses on non-hypertensive participants, moderate PM₁₀ (particulate matter with diameters < 10 μm) and PM_2.5 (particulate matter with diameters < 2.5 μm) levels over the long-term period and all high PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 levels were statistically significant after adjusting for various covariates. Notably, high PM_2.5 levels of the 1 year exhibited the highest odds ratio of 1.23 (95% confidence interval: 1.19–1.28) after adjustment.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that both short- and long-term exposure to PM is associated with blood pressure elevation.; 대기 중 미세먼지 농도와 고혈압과의 연관성: 한국인유전체역학조사사업 자료를 기반으로
목적
환경보건에서 대기 중 미세먼지 농도의 중요성이 갈수록 커지고 있으나 아직 미세먼지 농도와 고혈압과의 연관성에 대한 연구 결과가 충분하지 못하여 확실한 결론을 내리기 어려운 상황에 처해있다. 본 연구는 대기 중 미세먼지 노출과 혈압 상승의 상관관계를 밝히는 데에 목적을 두고 있다.
방법
본 연구는 질병관리청 국립보건연구원에서 담당하고 있는 한국인유전체역학조사사업 코호트와 대기오염 모니터링 자료가 연계된 데이터에서 추출한 133,935 명을 대상으로 하였다. 다중선형 회귀분석과 로지스틱 회귀분석을 수행하여 대기 중 미세먼지 농도와 혈압 수준과의 상관관계를 평가하였다.
결과
다중선형 회귀분석에서는 성별, 나이 등과 같은 공변수들을 보정하기 전과 후 모두 통계적으로 유의하게 미세먼지 농도가 증가할수록, 혈압이 상승하였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석에서 고혈압의 오즈비(odds ratio; OR)는 높은 대기 중 미세먼지 농도에 노출된 참여자들에서 통계적으로 유의하게 증가한 반면, 중등도의 미세먼지 농도에 노출된 참여자들에서는 노출기간에 따라 결과가 달라지는 양상을 보였다.
결론
본 연구의 결과는 대기 중 미세먼지 노출이 고혈압 위험도 증가와 관련될 수 있음을 시사한다.

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Case Report

Occupational asthma related to indoor air pollution in a worker at an indoor air gun shooting range: a case report: Kwang Min Lee, Seungho Lee, Yoon-Ji Kim, Seung-eun Lee, Youngki Kim, Dongmug Kang, Se-Yeong Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2023;35:e13. Published online June 19, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2023.35.e13

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

Indoor air pollution can cause and exacerbate asthma. We report a previously undescribed case of occupational asthma related to indoor air pollution in a worker at an indoor air gun shooting range and highlight the potential risk of developing occupational asthma in this environment.

Case presentation

A 31-year-old man presented with dyspnea, cough, and sputum and was diagnosed with asthma complicated by pneumonia. Objective evidence of asthma was obtained by performing a methacholine bronchial provocation test. It was suspected that the patient had occupational asthma, which began one month after changing jobs to work within the indoor air gun shooting range. The highest peak expiratory flow (PEF) diurnal variability on working days was 15%, but the highest variation was 24%, with 4 days out of 4 weeks having a variation of over 20% related to workplace exposure. Conversely, the diurnal variability on the rest days was 7%, and no day showed a variation exceeding 20%. The difference in the average PEF between working and rest days was 52 L/min. PEF deterioration during working days and improvement on rest days were noted.

Conclusions

The results obtained from the in-depth analysis of the PEF were adequate to diagnose the patient with occupational asthma. Exposure to indoor air pollution and lead and the patient’s atopy and allergic rhinitis may have contributed to the development of occupational asthma.

실내 공기총 사격장 근로자의 실내공기오염관련 직업성 천식 증례보고
a배경: 실내공기오염은 천식을 유발하고 악화시킬 수 있다. 본 연구는 실내 공기총 사격장에서 일하는 근로자의 실내 공기 오염과 관련된 이전에 기술되지 않은 직업성 천식 사례를 보고하고, 이러한 환경에서 직업성 천식 발병의 잠재적 위험을 강조한다.
증례
31세 남자가 호흡곤란, 기침, 가래 증상이 나타나 내원하였고, 폐렴이 동반된 천식으로 진단되었다. 천식의 객관적인 증거는 메타콜린 기관지유발검사를 시행하여 획득하였다. 환자는 실내공기총 사격장에서 근무하기 위해 이직한지 한달만에 직업성 천식을 앓고 있는 것으로 의심되었다. 근무일의 최고호기유량(PEF) 주간 변동성은 15%였지만, 가장 높은 변동성은 24%였으며, 4주 중 4일은 작업장 노출과 관련하여 20% 이상의 변동성을 보였다. 반대로 쉬는 날의 일교차는 7%로 20%를 넘는 날은 없었다. 근무일과 휴식일 사이의 평균 최고호기유량(PEF) 차이는 52 L/min이었다. 근무일 동안 PEF 악화 및 휴식일의 개선이 주목되었다.
결론
최고호기유량(PEF)의 심층분석결과는 직업성 천식 환자를 진단하기에 적합하였다. 실내공기오염과 납 노출, 환자의 아토피와 알레르기성 비염이 직업성 천식 발병에 기여했을 가능성이 있다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Recent developments in occupational asthma
Claudia Blouin, Catherine Lemière
Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine.2024; 30(3): 281. CrossRef
Occupational agents-mediated asthma: From the perspective of autophagy
Xiu He, Dengxiang Yao, Xiaoli Yuan, Jiaqi Ban, Yuxuan Gou, Mingdan You
Science of The Total Environment.2024; 952: 175880. CrossRef

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Original Article

Association between exposure to particulate matter and school absences in Korean asthmatic adolescents: Seongmin Jo, Kiook Baek, Joon Sakong, Chulyong Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e21. Published online August 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e21

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Because particulate matter (PM) and asthma are closely related, the prevalence of school absence among adolescents with asthma can be affected by the concentration of PM. We aimed to investigate the relationship between school absences due to asthma and the total number of days that the PM concentration exceeded the standard.
Methods
We used the data from the 16th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey and the PM levels of 17 metropolitan cities and provinces gathered from the AirKorea. Information on the characteristics of asthmatic adolescents and the prevalence of school absence was obtained using a questionnaire, while the PM levels based on the total number of days with poor and very poor PM grades were collected from the AirKorea website. Both χ² test and logistic regression analysis were performed using the weights presented in the original dataset.
Results
In the case of particulate matter of 10 microns in diameter or smaller (PM₁₀), the odds ratio (OR) after adjusting for confounders (sex, school year, body mass index, smoking history, diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, diagnosis of atopic dermatitis and city size) was 1.07 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.13) for absents due to asthma when the total days of poor and very poor grades of PM₁₀ (81 μg/m³ or higher) increased by 1 day. In the analysis of particulate matter of 2.5 microns in diameter or smaller (PM_2.5), the OR after adjusting for confounders was 1.01 (95% CI: 1.00–1.03) for absents due to asthma when the total number of days with poor and very poor PM_2.5 grades (36 μg/m³ or higher) increased by 1 day.
Conclusions
A significant association was observed between the total number of days of poor and very poor PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 grades and school absence due to asthma; PM can cause asthma exacerbation and affect the academic life.; 한국 천식 청소년의 미세먼지 노출과 학교 결석과의 상관관계
목적
미세먼지와 천식은 밀접한 관련이 있기 때문에 천식을 앓고 있는 청소년들의 천식악화로 인한 결석률은 미세먼지 농도에 영향을 받을 수 있다. 이번 연구는 일정 기준의 미세먼지 농도를 초과하는 총 일수와 천식 악화로 인한 학교 결석의 관계를 조사했다.
방법
제16차 청소년건강행태조사의 설문결과 중 천식을 진단받은 청소년들을 대상으로 ‘천식으로 인한 학교 결석 여부’를 결과변수로, 에어코리아에서 제공하는 광역시·도의 미세먼지 측정 자료 중 연간 나쁨 및 매우나쁨 등급을 받은 날짜를 미세먼지의 노출 지표로 사용하여 분석하였다. 분석 시 복합표본설계에 따른 가중치를 적용한 카이-제곱 검정과 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 사용하였다.
결과
교란 변수를 보정 후, 1년간 대기 중 PM10 나쁨 및 매우나쁨 등급을 합산한 총 일수가 1일 증가할 때 천식 증상 악화로 인한 학교 결석에 대한 오즈비는 1.06 (95% 신뢰 구간: 1.01–1.13)이었다. PM2.5는 1년간 대기 중 나쁨 및 매우나쁨 등급을 합산한 총 일수가 1일 증가할 때, 천식 증상 악화로 인한 학교 결석에 대한 오즈비는 1.01 (95% 신뢰구간: 1.00–1.02)이었다.
결론
PM10과 PM10의 나쁨 및 매우나쁨 등급을 합산한 총 일수와 천식으로 인한 학교 결석 사이에 유의한 연관성이 관찰되었다.

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Research Article

Association between exposure to ambient air pollution and renal function in Korean adults: Hyun-Jin Kim, Jin-young Min, Yong-Seok Seo, Kyoung-bok Min; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:14. Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0226-z

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

Ambient air pollution has a negative effect on many diseases, such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Recent studies have reported a relationship between air pollution and renal function, but the results were limited to exposure to particulate matter (PM). This study was to identify associations between various air pollutants and renal function among Korean adults.

Methods

Nationwide survey data for a total of 24,407 adults were analyzed. We calculated the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for each individual to assess their renal function and used this to categorize those with chronic kidney disease (CKD). To evaluate exposure to ambient air pollution, we used the annual mean concentrations of four ambient air pollutants: PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO).

Results

We identified significant inverse relationships between the air pollutants PM₁₀ and NO₂ and eGFR in all statistical adjustment models (all p < 0.05). In the full covariate model, interquartile range increases in the annual mean concentrations of PM₁₀ and NO₂ were associated with decreases in eGFR levels of 0.46 (95% CI = − 0.87, − 0.04) and 0.85 (95% CI = − 1.40, − 0.30), respectively. Three of the ambient air pollutants were significantly related to an increased risk of CKD in the unadjusted model (p < 0.0001), but all significant associations disappeared after adjusting for covariates (all p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Exposures to PM₁₀ and NO₂ were significantly associated with decreases in eGFR levels, but not CKD, in Korean adults.

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Research Article

Air pollution and urinary n-acetyl-B-glucosaminidase levels in residents living near a cement plant: Min Soo Jung, Jae Yoon Kim, Hyun Seung Lee, Chul Gab Lee, Han Soo Song; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:52. Published online September 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0138-8

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

To identify adverse renal effects due to air pollution derived from a cement plant in Korea. Urinary n-acetyl-B-glucosaminidase (U-NAG) levels in residents living near a cement plant were compared to those in a group who lived farther away from the plant.

Methods

From June to August 2013 and from August to November 2014, laboratory tests for U-NAG and heavy metal were conducted on 547 study participants. Based on the level of air pollution exposure, subjects were divided into the “less exposed group,” (LEG) which consisted of 66 persons who lived more than 5 km away from the cement plant, the “more exposed group from the rural area” (MEG-R), which consisted of 272 persons, and the “more exposed group from downtown area” (MEG-D), which consisted of 209 persons who lived within a 1 km radius of the cement plant. U-NAG levels >5.67 U/L were defined as “higher U-NAG” levels. We compared the prevalence of higher U-NAG levels and estimated the adjusted odds ratio (OR) by air pollution exposure using a chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis. Further, we estimated the interaction between air pollution exposure and heavy metal exposure in renal toxicity.

Results

The OR of higher U-NAG levels by MEG-D and MEG-R compared to LEG was 2.13 (95 % CI 0.86–4.96) and 4.79 (95 CI 1.65–10.01), respectively. Urinary cadmium (U-Cd), urinary mercury (U-Hg), age, occupation, hypertension, and diabetes had a significant association with higher U-NAG levels. However, blood lead (B-Pb), sex, and smoking were not associated with higher U-NAG. Especially, concurrent exposure to heavy metals (U-Hg or/and U-Cd) and air pollution had an additive adverse effect. In the group with both 4^th quartile heavy metal exposure (U-Cd or/and U-Hg) and air pollution exposure, the OR in MEG-R and MEG-D was 6.49 (95 % 1.42–29.65) and 8.12 (95 % CI 1.74–37.92), respectively, after adjustment for age, occupation, hypertension, diabetes.

Conclusions

U-NAG levels seem to be affected by air pollution exposure as well as age, hypertension, diabetes, and even low levels of cadmium and low levels of mercury. Moreover, concurrent exposure to heavy metals and air pollution can have additive cytotoxic renal effects.

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Research Article

Emphysema prevalence related air pollution caused by a cement plant: Hyun Seung Lee, Chul Gab Lee, Dong Hun Kim, Han Soo Song, Min Soo Jung, Jae Yoon Kim, Choong Hee Park, Seung Chul Ahn, Seung Do Yu; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:17. Published online April 7, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0101-8

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background

To identify adverse pulmonary health effects due to air pollution derived from a cement plant in Korea. The emphysema prevalence in residents around a cement plant was compared to that in the group who live far away from the plant by chest films (PA and lateral view) and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) lung images.

Methods

From June to August in 2013 and from August to November in 2014, chest films and HRCT scan were conducted on residents over the age of 40 who lived around a cement plant. The residents were divided into two groups; a “more exposed group (MEG)” which consisted of 1,046 people who lived within a 1 km radius and a “less exposed group (LEG)” which consisted of 317 people who lived more than 5 km away from the same plant. We compared the emphysema prevalence and estimated the OR of this between the MEG and the LEG by using a chi-square and logistic regression on chest films and HRCT.

Results

The emphysema prevalence was 9.1 % in the LEG, 14.3 % in the MEG on chest films and 11.4 %, 17.8 % on the HRCT, respectively. The OR of the emphysema prevalence in MEG was 2.92 (95 % CI 1.77-4.83) on the chest films, 2.56 (95 % CI 1.64–3.99) on the HRCT after sex, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, residency period and firewood used history were adjusted. The OR in the less than 29 pack-years smoking history was 1.66 (95 % CI 0.92–3.06) and in the more than 30 pack-years was 3.05 (95 % CI 1.68–5.52) on the chest films, and was 1.68 (95 % CI 0.98–2.90), 2.93 (95 % CI 1.72–4.98) on the HRCT, respectively.

Conclusion

The emphysema prevalence seems to be affected by the level of exposure to air pollution derived from the cement plant as well as sex, age, BMI, and smoking history in this study. Moreover, the OR of the case of the more exposed to the air pollution was similar to that of the case in smoking.

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Air pollution and urinary n-acetyl-B-glucosaminidase levels in residents living near a cement plant
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Research Article

Public-health impact of outdoor air pollution for 2^nd air pollution management policy in Seoul metropolitan area, Korea: Jong Han Leem, Soon Tae Kim, Hwan Cheol Kim; Ann Occup Environ Med 2015;27:7. Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-015-0058-z

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

Air pollution contributes to mortality and morbidity. We estimated the impact of outdoor air pollution on public health in Seoul metropolitan area, Korea. Attributable cases of morbidity and mortality were estimated.

Methods

Epidemiology-based exposure-response functions for a 10 μg/m3 increase in particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) were used to quantify the effects of air pollution. Cases attributable to air pollution were estimated for mortality (adults ≥ 30 years), respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions (all ages), chronic bronchitis (all ages), and acute bronchitis episodes (≤18 years). Environmental exposure (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) was modeled for each 3 km × 3 km.

Results

In 2010, air pollution caused 15.9% of total mortality or approximately 15,346 attributable cases per year. Particulate air pollution also accounted for: 12,511 hospitalized cases of respiratory disease; 20,490 new cases of chronic bronchitis (adults); 278,346 episodes of acute bronchitis (children). After performing the 2^nd Seoul metropolitan air pollution management plan, the reducible death number associated with air pollution is 14,915 cases per year in 2024. We can reduce 57.9% of death associated with air pollution.

Conclusion

This assessment estimates the public-health impacts of current patterns of air pollution. Although individual health risks of air pollution are relatively small, the public-health consequences are remarkable. Particulate air pollution remains a key target for public-health action in the Seoul metropolitan area. Our results, which have also been used for economic valuation, should guide decisions on the assessment of environmental health-policy options.

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Case Report

A case-crossover study between air pollution and hospital emergency room visits by asthma attack: Hyoung June Im, Sang Yun Lee, Ki Jung Yun, Young Su Ju, Dae Hee Kang, Soo Hon Cho; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(2):249-257. Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.2.249

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study, using case-crossover design, search a relationship between changing levels of air pollutants and asthma attack in asthma patients.
METHODS
We searched the daily total number of asthmatic patients at hospital' s emergency room in Seoul, Korea by investigating total 49 general hospitals emergency room records. Otherwise, We investigated medical records of asthmatic patients at one of the 49 hospitals we have searched. We investigated addresses that they are living, diagnosis, smoking history, whether respiratory infection or not, medications. We analyzed the data by 1:m conditional logistic regression used when matched case-control study is analyzed. Control periods were chosen by bidirectional paired matching technique 7, 14 days before and after case periods.
RESULTS
the relative risk of asthmatic attack by 100 ppm ozone increase between June and September were 1.348(95 % CI = 1.010~1.619). Between November and February, the relative risk by 100 /m TSP increase, 100ppb sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were respectively 1.278(1.010~1.619), 1.237(1.019~1.502), 1.285(1.006~1.640). In stratified analysis, the relative risk were significant when the asthmatic patients were children aged 15 years or below, when there were respiratory infection, and when the patients took medications irregularly CONCLUSIONS: There was statistically significant association between ambient levels of air pollutants and asthmatic attack. So, we have to exert our efforts to minimize the air pollution effectively, to protect public health from air pollution.

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Original Article

Effect of air pollution on daily mortality in Daegu (1993~1997): Mi Young Lee, Choong Won Lee, Suk Kwon Suh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(2):235-248. Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.2.235

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
In order to evaluate the relationship between daily mortality and air pollution in Deagu for the period by the data from January 1993 to December 1997.
METHODS
Deaths from accident(International Classification of Disease, Revision 9; 800-999 and Revision 10; V01- Y89) were excluded, Daily counts of deaths were analysed by general additive poisson model on the current day to 5 days before death, with controlling for effects of year, season, weather, weekday and holiday. The air pollutants examined included total suspended particulate (TSP), sulfur dioxide (SO,), nitrogen dioxide (NO,), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (03).
RESULTS
Mortality was associated with NO, SO and CO in the air. Total mortality was estimated to increase by 1. 6 % (95 % CI 0. 3-3 %) with each 10 ppb rise in NOy on the current day and the preceding 1 day, 9. 4 % (95 % CI 7 13 %) with each 100 ppb rise in SOy and 2. 7 % (95 % CI 0. 1 5 %) with each 1 ppm rise in CO on the current day. The NO was more evident for the elderly who were 65 years and more. Cardiovascular-specific mortality was associated with the levels of CO on the current day. Respiratory-specific mortality was associated with the levels of TSP and NO 5 days before death. Excess mortality risk is clearly evident in the upper range of NO levels and increased monotonically with NO.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggested that the air pollution status below the current Korean ambient air quality standard might have an adverse effect on daily mortality. Then, it is impertive that the strategy for control of the air pollution-related daily mortality should be developed.

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Original Article

The effect of Residential Environments on the Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness: Sang Sup Kim, Hyung Joon Chun, Domyung Paek, Rokho Kim, Ho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(2):157-169. Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.2.157

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The increased prevalence of asthma over the last 30 years has been reported from many different countries, including Korea. The increased prevalence may be due to increased exposure to indoor air pollutants.
METHODS
In this study, the relationship between residential environments and airway hyper-responsiveness has been examined among 280 family members. The bronchial hyper-responsiveness was expressed as the log-transformed slope of FEV decrease over the log-transformed dose of methacholine concentration(BRindex). Simple regression analysis was done for the effect of sex, age, atopic status, and residential environments including active and passive smoking exposures on airway responsiveness. Based on simple regression results, multiple rwegression analysis was performed for total group and also according to sex.
RESULTS
The mean of BRindex of residents living in gas boiler heating houses was higher than that of central heating system (p=0.014). Smoking status was a significant determinant of bronchial hyper-responsiveness in both genders; male(p=0.017), female (p%.022). In the male group the mean of BRindex of current smokers was significantly higher than those of ex-smokers and non-smokers, and the mean of BRindex of passive smokers was higher than that of non-smokers, but statistical significance was border-line(p=0.069). In female group, the mean of BRindex of kerosene stove users was higher than that of non-users(p=0.057).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that indoor air pollutants including type of heating, passive smoking and kerosene stove use can contribute to the increase in asthma prevalence in Korea.

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Original Article

Time Series Analysis between the Concentration of Air Pollutants and the Number of Respiratory Disease Outpatients in Seoul: Byeong Chul Choi, Jung Wan Koo, Sung Kyun Park, Hyun Woo Yim, Kang Sook Lee, Won Chul Lee, Chung Yill Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):70-80. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.70

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OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate whether air pollution levels in Seoul have short term effects on respiratory disease outpatients.
METHODS
We analyzed five air pollutants (CO, NOy, Oy, SOp, PMyp) and daily counts of outpatient for respiratory disease divided by age group ((15yrs, 15-64yrs, 65+yrs) during the period of July 1997-June 1998 using Generalized Additive Model(GAM).
RESULTS
After controlling for seasonal trends, day of the week, week of the month, temperature and humidity, CO (RR=1. 041 ~ l. 051, 0-day lag) and NOy (RR=1. 024~1. 050, 3-day lag) were significantly associated with daily counts for respiratory disease in all age groups. 0, and SO, were associated, with a 3-day lag in the age group under 15 years (O RR=1. 047, 95% CI=1. 045- 1. 049 i SOp RR=1. 018, 95% CI=1. 017- l. 020) and with a 0-day lag in the age group 15 to 64 years (0, RR=1. 035, 95% CI=1. 032-1. 037; SO, RR=1. 037, 95% CI=1. 035-1. 039), in the age group over 65 years (O RR=1. 042, 95% CI=1. 033-1. 051; SO RR=1.029, 95% CI=1.022-1.036). PM was weakly associated, with a 1-day lag in the age group under 15 years (RR=1.011, 95% CI=1.010-1.013) and with a 0-day lag in the age group 15 to 64 years (RR=1. 021, 95% CI=1. 019-1. 023), in the age group over 65 years (RR=1. 025, 95% CI=1. 018-1. 032). In the two pollutant model, the magnitudes of the relative risk for CO, NOy and Oq were maintained, but SOy was not associated with daily counts for respiratory disease in the age group under 15 years after controlling for NO,. PMyp was not associated in all age groups after controlling for CO, so the association with PMyp in the single pollutant model might be confounded by CO. In this study, the impact Of PMyp on the respiratory disease was not large as compared with other pollutants.
CONCLUSIONS
Air pollution in Seoul may increase the incidence of the respiratory disease, so more positive attention for the control of air pollution should be paid.

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Xiang Yi, Shixiao Liu
Environmental Research.2021; 195: 110768. CrossRef

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Original Article

Short-term Effects of Air Pollution on Hospital Visits for Respiratory Diseases in Seoul: Jong Han Leem, Jong Tae Lee, Dong Gi Kim, Dong Chun Shin, Jae Hoon Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998;10(3):333-342. Published online August 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1998.10.3.333

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Several studies have reported the associations between airborne particles and/or ozone and respiratory diseases. This study examined whether such an association could be seen in Seoul, one of the greatest city in Korea. We compiled daily records of hospital visits in Seoul from November 1, 1995 to October 31, 1996. The daily averages of ozone and particle matter whose diameter is 10 micrometer or less(PM10) from all monitoring stations were computed. Daily respiratory hospital visits were regressed on temperature, humidity, day of weak indicators, seasonal variation indicators, and air pollution. Each pollutant was first examined individually and then two pollutant models were fitted.
RESULTS
: Both PM10 and Ozone were associated with increased risk of respiratory hospital visits. The relative risk of respiratory hospital visits for 50 microgram/m3 increase in PM10(lagged 2 days) was 1.11(95% confidence interval: 1.05-1.18). The PM10 associations was insensitive to alternative methods of control for weather, including exclusion of extreme temperature days and control for temperature on another day. The ozone results were more sensitive to the approach for weather control. The relative risk of respiratory hospital visits for 0.01 ppm increase in O3 was 1.08(95% confidence interval 1.00-1.17). The magnitude of the PM10 effect in Seoul, where SO2 was essential present, was similar to that reported in the Europe and United states. In conclusion, The consistency of investigations of the health effects of air pollution suggest that attention should be paid to the control of air pollution.

Citations

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Jung-Hoon Uhm, Eun-Han Kwon, Young-Jun Kim, Ji-Hye Seong, Hyeji Ju, Jun-Hyuk Ahn, Il-Sang Bae, Yong-Suk Choi, Seog-Ju Cho, Yong-Seung Shin
Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
PM2.5 Source Apportionment Analysis to Investigate Contributions of the Major Source Areas in the Southeastern Region of South Korea
Hyeji Ju, Changhan Bae, Byeong-Uk Kim, Hyun Cheol Kim, Chul Yoo, Soontae Kim
Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment.2018; 34(4): 517. CrossRef
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Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2006; 60(6): 663. CrossRef
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