Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Volume 21 (4); December 2009

Case Reports

A Case of Chemical Pneumonitis After Ingestion of Hydrocarbon: Suk Hwan Kim, Yangjin Jegal, Nari Choy, Yangho Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):406-411. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.406

Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Hydrocarbon is used frequently in the home in places such as the kitchen, garage, and basement. Accidental ingestion of hydrocarbons occurs generally in infants and children in the home. In cases of accidental ingestion, the amount is usually too small to cause medical problems, but can bring about diseases such as chemical pneumonitis.
CASE
REPORT: After ingesting organic solvent mistaken for mineral water, a 53-year-old male complained of cough, fever, and pain in the right upper abdomen, back, and right chest. Simple chest x-ray revealed focal chemical pneumonitis mainly involving the right middle lobe. The resulting lung abscess did not resolve until after treatment with drainage accompanied with antibiotics therapy. The ingested solution was analyzed and found to be a C11~C13 hydrocarbon mixture which has low viscosity.
CONCLUSION
Chemical pneumonitis occurred after ingestion of hydrocarbon solution, and there is evidence of aspiratory mechanism.

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Cervical HIVD Related to Long-Term Whole Body Vibration and Awkward Posture: Jong Do Jeong, Sangchul Roh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):396-405. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.396

BACKGROUND
The relationship between whole body vibration and awkward neck posture to cervical herniated intervertebral disc (HIVD) has been rarely reported. In this report, we present the case of an overhead crane operator, that had no known history of neck injury, but had long-term exposure to whole body vibration and improper neck posture, who developed cervical HIVD, which raises concerns over the possibility of occupational causation.
CASE
A patient, operating an overhead crane since Dec 26th 1986, began to suffer from a neck pain and developed cervical HIVD in 1998. He had been frequently treated in an outpatient clinic, but the symptom was not improve. Eventually, he got HIVD surgery in Sep 6th 2007, and then the symptom was relieved. There were 4 groups and 3 shift system in the patient's overhead crane operation. He worked eight hours a day and 5 days a week. Actual crane work time was about 6 hours a day. The crane was located at 20 meters above the work field so that the crane operator had to look downward and the neck was bent by more than 20degrees for nearly the entire working day. Daily vibration exposure was expressed in terms of an 8-hour energy-equivalent frequency-weighted acceleration magnitude (A(8)) and vibration dose value (VDV). The daily A(8) was measured to be 0.23 m/s2 and the daily VDV was 7.4 m/s(1.75). Although these levels were below the action level recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and European Commission (EC), it cannot be ignored that whole body vibration in addition to an awkward neck posture may be related to an increased risk for neck disease. A long-term awkward posture can adversely impact the prevalence of neck disease. In addition, occupational exposure to whole body vibration along with an awkward neck posture seems to exacerbate these effects.
CONCLUSION
An overhead crane operator may have acquired cervical HIVD due to an occupational causation. Therefore, to elucidate the causal relationship of an improper neck posture and whole body vibration to neck diseases, further investigations need to be conducted for lager sample of overhead crane operators that were exposed to a long-term awkward neck posture and whole body vibration.

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Retrospective Statistical Analysis of Patients with Disc Herniation Treated with Cervical or Lumbar Decompression Treatment
Ye Ji Lee, Jeong il Kim, Ju Hyun Jeon, Eunseok Kim, Young Il Kim
Journal of Korean Medicine.2021; 42(2): 1. CrossRef
Trend of Human Vibration Research in Korea
Hee-Sok Park
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea.2013; 32(4): 293. CrossRef

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Original Articles

An Association among Verbal Abuse, Social Support and Turnover Intention for Special Unit Nurses in a Hospital: Hyeon Sook Kim, Hyeon Woo Yim, Seung Hee Jeong, Sun Jin Jo; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):388-395. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.388

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Nurses' turnover has a negative influence on the nursing staff, as well as on the hospital organization as a whole. In an effort to reduce the turnover of nurses, the conditions causing turnover intentions can be identified and managed. The research is conducted to identify the association among verbal abuse, social support, and turnover intentions for special unit nurses.
METHODS
A survey was conducted in 105 registered nurses who worked in the following areas at Kyonggi province hospital: operating room, intensive care unit, and anesthesia department. The questionnaires included questions in the following areas: verbal abuse by doctors, supervisors, and colleagues social supports by supervisors and colleagues and turnover intention. The survey was distributed and analyzed based on nurses' responses.
RESULTS
Operating room nurses had the highest turn over intentions. The verbal abuse by doctors and supervisors were highest in the operating room. Verbal abuse by supervisors had a significantly positive association with turnover intentions. Verbal abuse by doctors and by colleagues was not associated with the intention to leave. Finally, the social support by supervisors had a significant negative association with turnover intentions. Social supports by colleagues did not affect turnover intentions.
CONCLUSIONS
For nurses working at special units, verbal abuse and social support by supervisors had a significant association with turnover intentions. It is important for supervisors to make an effort to reduce nurses' turnover intentions by reducing verbal abuse and by increasing social support.

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The Relationship between Job Stress and Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Migrant Workers: Min Heui Jo, Kyoo Sang Kim, Sun Wung Lee, Tae Gyun Kim, Hyang Woo Ryu, Mi Young Lee, Yong Lim Won; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):378-387. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.378

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the musculoskeletal symptoms of migrant workers. We focused on the relationship between job stress and musculoskeletal symptoms.
METHOD
A questionnaire was administered to 502 migrant workers who visited NGO migrant worker centers located in Gyung-gi province. A structured, self-reported questionnaire was administered to participants in order to capture the following information: sociodemographics, health factors including past medical history, work related characteristics, job stress, and musculoskeletal symptoms. The job stress questionnaires were used according to KOSS-26 and musculoskeletal symptoms were measured using KOSHA Code H-30-2003. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to assess the relationship between risk factors which included job stress, and musculoskeletal symptoms.
RESULTS
The prevalence rate of musculoskeletal symptoms in survey subjects was 35.1%. Other than job stress factors, past medical history was the only factor that had a statistical relationship to musculoskeletal symptoms (P<0.01). In the domains of job stress, physical environment (OR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.03~2.54), job demand (OR 2.43, 95% CI: 1.46~4.03), job insecurity (OR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.03~2.47), occupational climate (OR 2.30, 95% CI: 1.27~4.19) were most likely experience musculoskeletal symptoms.
CONCLUSION
The job stress factor appeared to correlate more with musculoskeletal symptoms than with sociodemographics or other factors. Hence, in order to prevent migrant worker's musculoskeletal symptoms, we believe that intervention in job stress (physical environment, job demand, job insecurity, occupational climate) is necessary.

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Estimated Number of Korean Workers with Back Pain and Population-based Associated Factors of Back Pain: Data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Ki Chul Nam, Soon Woo Jang, Hyung Joon Jhun, Jong Tae Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):365-377. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.365

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
We estimated the number of Korean workers with back pain and evaluated the populationbased factors associated with back pain from a representative sample.
METHODS
The number of Korean workers who experienced back pain (back pain-experienced patients), those who had experienced back pain lasting for three or more months during the previous year (chronic patients), and those who were currently suffering from back pain (current patients) were estimated by analyzing the data from the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2007 using the surveyfreq procedure of the SAS statistical package. Population-based odds ratios for being back pain-experienced, chronic, and current patient according to demographic (age, gender, and education), lifestyle (smoking, drinking, and exercise), and occupational (industrial class, employment status, occupation) factors were estimated using the surveylogistic procedure.
RESULTS
Among 19,076,186 Korean workers aged 20~69 years in 2007, 2,473,997(proportion, 13.0%; 95% CI, 1,976,779~2,971,216) were estimated to be back pain-experienced patients, 692,046(3.6%; 417,726~966,366) chronic patients, and 1,206,704(6.3%; 893,475~1,519,933) current patients. Each of the explanatory variables was significantly associated with at least one of the response variables for back pain.
CONCLUSIONS
Further efforts to investigate the epidemiology of back pain, evaluate the associated factors, and improve treatment outcomes are needed.

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Nationwide firefighter survey: the prevalence of lower back pain and its related psychological factors among Korean firefighters
Min Gi Kim, Ju-il Seo, KyooSang Kim, Yeon-Soon Ahn
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Retraction Notice to: "Association between Job Stress and Alexithymic Traits" [Korean J Occup Environ Med 20(4) (2008) 295-301] and "Estimated Number of Korean Workers with Back Pain and Population-based Associated Factors of Back Pain: Data from the Four

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Work-Relatedness of Occupational Contact Dermatitis in a Tire Factory: Sora Choi, Han Soo Song, Chul Gab Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):354-364. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.354

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study investigated occupational contact dermatitis in a tire factory, prompted by a long history of complaints of skin ailments by the factory workers.
METHODS
Participants (n=160) completed a questionnaire concerning job characteristics and skin symptoms, and received a medical examination. Fifty-four workers with suspected work-related contact dermatitis were chosen for a patch test of contact-related dermatitis.
RESULTS
The most frequent positive reactions of patch test were produced by diphenylguanidine, formaldehyde and cobalt. Twenty-one of the 54 individuals (38.9%) were judged to have work-related skin disease.
CONCLUSIONS
Exposure to natural and synthetic rubbers and additive materials pose a risk of contact dermatitis in a tire manufacturing environment. Improved sanitary work practices and public health awareness measures are suggested.

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The Effects of the Structural Unemployment on Health-related Behavior and Health: Daegyun Hong, Jungwon Kim, Dongmug Kang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):346-353. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.346

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to examine the effects of unemployment on health-related behavioral changes and worker's health, and to produce the basic data that is needed to formulate the necessary measures for reducing the health hazards and social costs caused by unemployment.
METHODS
A questionnaire survey was conducted with a group of 123 people who had lost their jobs due to structural unemployment (the unemployment group) and with a group of 155 employed people (the employment group). The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used as a tool for evaluating the demographic characteristics, the health-related behaviors and the health level.
RESULTS
Irregular mealtimes and increased smoking and drinking rates were observed in the unemployment group (P<0.05). The results of the logistic regression analysis that was conducted after correcting for the confounding variable showed that in the unemployment group, unlike in the employment group, the odds ratio of the group with a low health level score on the SF-36 has a significant difference in "Role limitation resulting from physical problems" (OR 2.20, 95% CI=1.01~4.78), "Role limitation resulting from emotional problems" (OR 4.51, 95% CI=1.90~10.69) and "Mental health" (OR 3.43, 95% CI=1.52~7.74) among the eight lower areas.
CONCLUSIONS
Unemployment causes a negative change in health-related behaviors and lower levels of mental and physical health. Systematic research must be conducted to promote good health among unemployed workers and to reduce their social costs.

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The Comparison of Job Stress Factors, Psychosocial Stress and Their Association between Research and Manufacturing Workers in an Automobile Research and Developing Company: Hyunchul Ryou, Jeong Ok Kong, Hun Goo Lee, Soo Jin Lee, Sanghyo Chu, Yoonhee Jung, Jaechul Song; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):337-345. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.337

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the job stress factors, psychosocial stress and their associations in workers engaged in the research and development of vehicles, and according to job role.
METHODS
We recruited 4,066 subjects from workers at a research and development center of an automobile company. A total of 2,764 workers answered the questionnaire about socio-demographic factors, health behaviors, work-related factors, subjective labor intensity, KOSS, and SF-PWI. The final analysis included 2,282 male manufacturing and research workers. Univariate analyses and multiple logistic analyses were conducted on the complete questionnaire data to compare the job stress factors, psychosocial stress and their associations between research and manufacturing workers.
RESULTS
The adjusted Odds ratios comparing the high risk group to the low risk group regarding PWI group were 2.23(95%CI=1.63-3.04) in "Lack of rewards", 1.64(95%CI=1.20-2.24) in "Interpersonal conflict", 1.59(95%CI=1.15- 2.20) in "Organizational injustice", 1.58(95%CI=1.17-2.14) in "Occupational climate" and 1.43(95%CI=1.05-1.94) in "Job insecurity" among research workers, and 2.46(95%CI=1.59 -3.80) in "Lack of rewards" and 1.94(95%CI=1.17-3.22) in "Organizational injustice" among manufacturing workers.
CONCLUSIONS
There are differences in job stress factors between research and manufacturing workers. Further studies and discussions based on quantitative methodology for seeking more fundamental causes of these differences are required to establish job stress intervention plans and policies.

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Jung Hyun Hwang, Hong Mie Lee, Jung Hee Kim
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Bu-il Kim, Seong-yong Yoon, Jin-seok Kim, Kuck-Hyeun Woo, Seong-yong Cho, Ho Lee, Jong-min An
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Association between Job Stress and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in Firefighters: Dong Hyul Lee, Hyun Jun Jeon, Dong Hoon Shin, In Sung Chung, Mi Young Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):324-336. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.324

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of job stress and scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) clinical scales in firefighters.
METHOD
A total of 648 firefighters from Daegu Metropolitan City were given 2 sets of questionnaires, the Korean Occupational Stress Scales (KOSS) and the MMPI. The results of 428 qualifying questionnaires were analyzed using ANOVA, correlation, and multiple regression.
RESULTS
The study demonstrated that job stress differed by age, department, amount of exercise, and duty period. MMPI clinical scales differed by age, smoking, and amount of exercise. Job stress correlated with MMPI clinical scales and in particular with 2 MMPI clinical scales, -Depression and Social introversion-. In addition, job stress subscales were related. On multiple regression analysis, some MMPI clinical scales were affected by job stress subscales.
CONCLUSION
This study suggests that job stress is associated with psychogenic factors in firefighters. The effective management for job stress might be helpful for the overall mental health of firefighters. Further study is required to determine which psychogenic factors are related to job stress.

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Depressive Symptoms of Workplace Violence Exposed Subjects in Korea: Chang Bum Byun, Kan woo Youn, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Yunho Cho, Domyung Paek; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):314-323. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.314

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to evaluate the association between workplace violence and depression METHODS: In total, 2236 employees who were providing services at hotels, casinos and amusement halls were used in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to assess exposures to violence, which was classified into physical violence, verbal violence, sexual harassment and bullying together with jobs and sociodemographic factors. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Korean Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II). Those with total BDI-II score over 22 points were defined as people with depression.
RESULTS
Prevalence of depression among subjects exposed to any violence was higher than those who were not exposed to violence. After adjusting covariates, the odds ratio of depression was 2.47 (95% CI;1.13~5.39) for sexually harassed male subjects (n=72, 4.90%), 3.22 (95% CI; 1.51~6.87) for bullied male subjects (n=570, 38.83%), and 2.57 (95% CI; 1.52~4.32) for bullied female subjects (n=447, 58.20%).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study suggest that depression can be an important psychological issue to those exposed to workplace violence in Korea. First of all, acknowledgement of the problem should be made in the workplace. Exalting public awareness and transforming work ethics and culture is cardinal to making this a social rather than an individual problem.

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Factors Related to Occupational Injuries and Health Problems for Some Female Workers in Non-standard Employment: Woo Jin Park, Hyoung June Im, Jong Uk Won, Sang Baek Koh, Young Su Ju, Jae Hoon Roh, Sang Yong Oh, Young Jun Kwon, Chang Kook Hwang, Jung Wook Lim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):301-313. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.301

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine certain factors associated with occupational injuries and health problems for some female workers in non-standard employment.
METHODS
We enrolled 754 female workers that were selected from 1,040 people who had agreed to be surveyed as part of a group or company in either the Seoul and the Kyonggi area. We performed univariate logistic regression on survey data and again performed multivariate logistic regression on those variables that were statistically significant.
RESULTS
In this study, the overall incidence of occupational injury for all workers was 12.5%. The incidence rates by position were as follows: 12.9%(insurance saleswoman), 7.4%(telemarketer), 9.2%(visiting teacher), 22%(golf caddy). The most frequent complaint was lower back pain(12.8%) in insurance saleswomen, voice symptoms(37%) in telemarketers, knee and ankle symptoms(33.8%) in golf caddies, and voice symptoms(14.4%) in visiting teachers. The factors related to occupational injuries included job type, and age. The factors related to health problems were job type, psychosocial stress, accident risk, and social support. The percentage of the cases that occurred without fringe benefits including social welfare was 30.4%, and the percentage of "paid out of the person's own pocket" of ways to arrange costs of accidents was 32.5%.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, some female workers in non-standard employment had relatively high level of occupational injuries, accompanied by various health problems. In these occupational classes, the conditions for social insurance and social welfare were poor. It is necessary to expand the application of social insurances including industrial accident compensation insurance. Regardless of job category, psychosocial stress and social support were statistically significant for many symptoms. We believe that measurement of these factors is necessary. In the future, additional studies are required with the use of objective methods for additional job categories.

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The Effect of Job Demands, Job Resources, and Musculoskeletal Complaints on Presenteeism Among the Dependent Self-employment Workers in Korea
Jiyun Kim, Sookja Choi
Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2022; 64(9): 719. CrossRef
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E. M. Wanke, A. C. Melander, D. A. Groneberg
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Irregular menstruation according to occupational status
Yeunhee Kwak, Yoonjung Kim
Women & Health.2018; 58(10): 1135. CrossRef
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Eun-Young Hong, Sang-Dol Kim
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2012; 13(9): 4107. CrossRef

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The Relationship of Serum CEA Levels and Type of Work in Shipyard Workers: Won Ju Park, Myoung Bo Kim, Yang Hyun Kim, Ryoung Jin Park, Keun Ho Jang, Hong Jae Chae, Jai Dong Moon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):293-300. Published online December 31, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.293

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Benign conditions have been known to cause an increase in the levels of serum carcinoembryonic antigen, a level change that is often associated with an increase in the occurrence of malignancy. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between serum CEA levels and type of work in shipyard workers.
METHODS
From July-August 2007, 637 study subjects were enrolled into the study with the following characteristics: age 37~58 years, healthy shipyard workers, and who undergone an examination in a general hospital. Data on general characteristics was gathered from self-administered questionnaires. Information on job factors was collected from company personnel data. Serum CEA levels were measured after 10 hours'fasting.
RESULTS
The level of mean serum CEA was 1.83+/-1.20 ng/mL. On univariate analysis, the mean CEA level was significantly higher in older age groups (P<0.05), current smokers, lower education, and in production workers (P<0.01). After adjusting for age, BMI, cigarette smoking, job pattern, and educational level, the serum CEA level was higher in production workers than in office workers(P<0.01). This is particularly true in the shipyard painters, who had the highest level of CEA across job groups.
CONCLUSIONS
The goal of this was to determine if there were differences in serum CEA levels according to occupational role in shipyard workers. Production shipyard workers had relatively higher level of serum CEA than office workers, most likely due to occupational exposure. This serum CEA level is influenced by occupation role. Serum CEA level could be a parameter for evaluating pollutant effects.

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The association between cadmium and lead exposure and blood pressure among workers of a smelting industry: a cross-sectional study
Hyun Chan An, Joo Hyun Sung, Jiho Lee, Chang Sun Sim, Sang Hoon Kim, Yangho Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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