Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Volume 17 (1); March 2005

Original Articles

Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method with UV Detector for the Determination of Di(2-ethylhexyl)Phthalate in Plasma in some Korean Male Workers: Yun Jung Yang, Soon Chul Myoung, Sae Chul Kim, Yeon Pyo Hong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(1):70-78. Published online March 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.1.70

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to validate a simple, rapid and sensitive reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with UV detector (HPLC-UV) and present the plasma level of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in some Korean male workers.
METHODS
HPLC-UV for quantification of plasma DEHP was validated by the following guideline from the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)-calibration/standard curve, precision, accuracy and recovery. Plasma DEHP from 255 healthy Korean male workers aged from 30 to 60 years was analyzed by validated HPLC-UV method.
RESULTS
The calibration curve over the range 0~150 microgram/liter for the plasma DEHP standard solution showed linearity(r2=0.999). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of plasma DEHP were 5.22 microgram/liter and 15.81 microgram/liter, respectively. The accuracy and precision for 2.5 microgram/liter of DEHP were acceptable in CDER guideline on the second and third day but not first day, and those for 50 microgram/liter and 150 microgram/liter of DEHP were acceptable on all three days(Ed-confirm this addition). The distribution of plasma DEHP level was skewed to the left and ranged from 0 to 18.9 microgram/liter. The plasma DEHP level was lower than 10 microgram/liter for 98 % of subjects and lower than 5 microgram/liter for 85 %. The geometric mean and standard deviation of plasma DEHP were 0.4 +/- 1.5 microgram/liter.
CONCLUSIONS
The HPLC-UV method for quantification of plasma DEHP was acceptable by CDER guideline. The plasma DEHP of 255 Korean male workers ranged from 0 to 18.9 microgram/liter and the distribution was skewed to the left.

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Assessment of Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Exposure by Urinary Metabolites as a Function of Sampling Time
Moon-seo Park, Yun-jung Yang, Yeon-pyo Hong, Sang-yon Kim, Yong-pil Lee
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2010; 43(4): 301. CrossRef

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Blood Lead Levels in Umbilical Cord and Neonatal Neurobehavioral Status: Jung Are Kim, Seong Ah Kim, Chae Yong Lee, Sang Jae Jung, Byung Yeol Chun; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(1):58-69. Published online March 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.1.58

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To investigate the relation between umbilical cord blood lead level lower than 10 microgram/dl and neonatal neurobehavioral performance.
METHODS
Umbilical cord blood lead level, as an indicator for prenatal exposure to lead, and Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS), as an indicator for effect, were determined in 86 neonates in Gumi, Kyungpook, Korea. The blood levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Development was assessed by NBAS at birth in 86 neonates and at 1 month in 55 neonates.
RESULTS
The mean cord blood lead levels of the 86 and 55 neonates were 3.90 +/- 0.71 microgram/dl (range 2.24 - 5.39 microgram/dl) and 3.88 +/- 0.70 microgram/dl (range 2.24~5.03 microgram/dl), respectively. We used the median value of 4 microgram/dl to divide into low- and high- lead level groups. There was a significant difference in the peak of excitement at birth, and in the animate visual, inanimate visual, inanimate auditory, activity level, peak of excitement, and liability of states at one month, between the two groups. For cluster scores, motor system and state organization scores showed significant differences between the two groups. For adjusting the potential confounding effect of intial difference, differences of the scores between the two groups at one month were analysed with ANCOVA. The results of ANCOVA showed the significant difference between the two groups.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that prenatal low-level lead exposure, even lower than 10 microgram/dl, might affect the neonatal neurobehavioral development.

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Randomized Controlled Trial

Effect on Active Exercise Programs in Employees with Chronic Low Back Pain: Jin Gang Hur, Jae Cheol Song, Young Man Roh, Dong Sik Park, Young Ae Yang, Yoon Shin Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(1):44-57. Published online March 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.1.44

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relative efficacy of three active exercise programs for work-related, chronic low back pain, and to observe to what extent the programs affected the mechanical stability of the lumbar region.
METHODS
The subjects were 64 employees who were randomly divided into three groups to match the three active exercise programs which were performed 3 times a week for 6 months. All subjects were assessed with the same measurements at a pre-study examination, and then were reassessed at 2 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after the study.
RESULTS
The pain intensity didn't show any significant difference among the three groups. However, the Oswestry Disability Index showed significant differences among the three groups at 6 months and the lumbar and thoracic exercise groups showed significant decreases compared to the general physiotherapy group (p<0.05). Maximal stretching with both hands in the overhead direction showed a significant difference among the three groups at 3 months and 6 months, and the thoracic exercise group at 6 months showed a significant increase in overhead stretching compared to the lumbar exercise and general physiotherapy groups (p<0.05). The lumbar region angle of inclination showed significant differences among the three groups at 2 weeks, 3 months and 6 months, with the thoracic exercise group being decreased significantly more than the lumbar exercise and general physiotherapy groups at 6 months (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Exercise aimed at increasing thoracic mobility has an effect on lumbar stability. Furthermore, it is far more effective for lumbar stabilization than general physiotherapy and deep muscle strengthening lumbar exercise.

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Effects of Thoracic Mobility Exercise Program on Pain, Proprioception, and Static Balance Ability in Patients with non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain
Donghwan Park, Kang-Seong Lee
Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science.2024; 13(1): 1. CrossRef
Effects of Trunk Stability Exercises and Thoracic Manipulation on Spine Flexibility in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients
Sun-Ja Park, Eun-Kyung Kim, Young-Mi Kim, Dong-Yeon Kang
Journal of The Korean Society of Physical Medicine.2021; 16(2): 115. CrossRef
The effects of lumbar stabilization exercise with thoracic extension exercise on lumbosacral alignment and the low back pain disability index in patients with chronic low back pain
Seong-Dae Woo, Tae-Ho Kim
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2016; 28(2): 680. CrossRef
The Effects of the Combined Exercise Program on PhysicalFitness and Related Hormone in Elderly Women
Chang-Hun Lim, Yu-Min Ko
Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine.2015; 10(1): 53. CrossRef
The Effect of Thoracic Joint Mobilization on Pain, Proprioception and Static Balance in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain
Jin-mo Yang, Suhn-yeop Kim
Physical Therapy Korea.2015; 22(3): 1. CrossRef
The effect of thoracic spine mobilization and stabilization exercise on the muscular strength and flexibility of the trunk of chronic low back pain patients
Seong-Rae Yang, Kyung Kim, Sun-Ja Park, Kyung Kim
Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2015; 27(12): 3851. CrossRef
(A)Study on the relationship between back pain experiences of Japanese employees with spinal disorder and body Musculoskeletal disorder
Han-Suk Jung, Hajime Tanabe, Toshifumi Kuwaoka, Minae Amano, Yasushi Onodera, Takashi Inouchi, Yuichi Imoto, Keiichi Tanabe
Journal of the Korea Safety Management and Science.2015; 17(2): 107. CrossRef
A study on Related Factor and Knowledge of Back Pain in Workers Employed at Cement factory
Gi-Yeol Kim, Jung-Lim Oh, Kyoung-Ok Hwang
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(1): 536. CrossRef
The Effect of Non Elastic Taping During the Lumbar Stabilizing Exercise in Chronic Low Back Pain
Kyoung-Ok Hwang, Ki-Yong Jeong
Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine.2013; 8(3): 343. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Increasing Risk of Mental Health Problems Among Subway Drivers Experiencing Accidents on the Track: Jong Min Woo, Tae Young Kang, Jeong Eun Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(1):36-43. Published online March 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.1.36

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the prevalence of Post traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) and the comorbidity with panic disorder in subway drivers who experienced accidents on the track. In addition, this study examined the differences in panic disorder, stress levels, work-related problems, and sleep disturbances between drivers with and without an accident-experience.
METHODS
628 Seoul metropolitan subway drivers were participated in this study. We assessed mental health status of the subjects using the Clinician-administered PTSD scale (CAPS), panic disorder scale based on the DSM-IV criteria, Worker's Stress Response Inventory, and Sleep Questionnaire.
RESULTS
The prevalence of PTSD and comorbid panic disorder was significantly higher among those drivers who had experienced accidents than in those who had not. Drivers with an accident experience showed significantly higher somatic, depressive, anger symptoms in the stress measures, and more sleep problems than those drivers without an accident experience.
CONCLUSIONS
The experience of an accident on the track threatens both the work efficiency and the mental health of drivers. In order to reduce the negative effect of an extremely stressful event related to accidents, intervention programs for PTSD and panic disorder need to be developed and utilized.

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A Phenomenological Study on the Lived Experience of Train Operators Exposed to Person under Train (PUT)
Youngjoo Kim, Heeseung Choi
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2017; 28(1): 98. CrossRef
Factors associated with suicide ideation among subway drivers in Korea
Junsu Byun, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Hye-Eun Lee, Se-Eun Kim, Jongin Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
The association between psychiatric disorders and work-related problems among subway drivers in Korea
Se-eun Kim, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jong-Ik Park, Hae Woo Lee, Jongin Lee, Junsu Byun, Hyeon Woo Yim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
A Study on the Cause of Job Stress of Urban Railroad Drivers: Focused on Railroad Companies of Daejeon, Daegu, Incheon and Seoul Metro 9
Taesoo Park, Jinsun Lee, Hongki Kim
Journal of the Korean society for railway.2013; 16(4): 340. CrossRef
Occupational Diseases in Korea
Seong-Kyu Kang, Eun A Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S4. CrossRef
Occupational Psychiatric Disorders in Korea
Kyeong-Sook Choi, Seong-Kyu Kang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(Suppl): S87. CrossRef

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Relationship between Fatigue Severity and Heart Rate Variability in Middle-Aged Male Workers: Sang Wook Song, Jin Hee Shin, Thomas Findley; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(1):26-35. Published online March 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.1.26

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the relationship between the severity of fatigue and the cardiac autonomic function by analyzing the heart rate variability on middle-aged male workers.
METHODS
The severity of fatigue and heart rate variability were assessed with the control measures of age, body mass index, blood pressure, alcohol consumption, smoking history, regular exercise on 82 healthy middle-aged male workers in an annual health checkup. The severity of fatigue was evaluated by the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), which was developed by Krupp. The 5-minute electrocardiographic recordings were analyzed as a function of the time and the frequency domain methods of the heart rate variability (HRV). Standard Deviation of the NN intervals (SDNN), Root-Mean-Square of Successive Differences (rMSSD), Total Power (TP), Low Frequency (LF: 0.04~0.15 Hz) power, High Frequency (HF: 0.15-0.4 Hz) power, LF/HF ratio were used as the indices of the HRV. For a comparison of autonomic nervous functions and other variables, the subjects were divided into three fatigue groups based on the FSS score as follows: low (N=31), moderate (N=33), high (N=18) fatigue groups.
RESULTS
There were no significant differences in age, blood pressure, heart rate, body mass index, alcohol consumption, or regular exercise except for the smoking history among the groups. In addition, there were no significant differences in the time domain analysis (SDNN, rMSSD) of HRV among the groups. Spectral analysis of the HRV showed that the mean amplitudes of the HF and LF component were lower in the high fatigue group, whereas there was no significant difference in the LF/HF ratio among the fatigue groups. There were no significant differences in the HRV indices between the smoking and non-smoking groups. No significant interacting effects between the severity of fatigue and smoking on the HRV were observed.
CONCLUSIONS
The association between severe fatigue and the reduced high and low frequency components of the HRV in middle-aged male workers reflects a dysregulation of the cardiac autonomous control. Although the pathophysiological mechanism of this association remains unclear, these results might explain their increased risk for cardiovascular disease. However, these effects need to be confirmed through a well-designed prospective study.

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Impact of Job-stress on Fatigue Among 119 Rescue Workers
Sung-Soo Choi, Gyoung Wan Kim
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(4): 433. CrossRef
The Relationship between Cyber Leisure Activity and Autonomic Function in High School Students
Mi-Eun Son, Na-Hyun Kim
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2012; 14(1): 33. CrossRef

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Selection of a High Risk Group and the Effectiveness of an Exercise Program on Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises: Bo Kyoung Kim, Chung Yill Park, Hyeon Woo Yim, Jung Wan Koo, Kang Sook Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(1):10-25. Published online March 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.1.10

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to provide data for the establishment of a practical and the effective exercise program for managing the musculoskeletal symptoms of workers who are employed in small and medium sized enterprises.
METHODS
The risk factors related to musculoskeletal disease management were chosen according to the relevant literatures, and were based on advise from experts on the Delphi method. Questionnaires on selected risk factors (with a 5-point Likert scale) were given to 785 subjects who worked in small and medium sized enterprises. The subjects were then classified in the risk group when they had the symptoms and recorded at least 3 points. From those subjects in the risk group, those who had both work-related factors and general characteristics factors (with an average of at least 3 points) were further classified as the high risk group. We performed a 12-week musculoskeletal exercise program for the low and high risk groups to analyze their changes in symptoms and complaints in order to estimate the effectiveness of the exercise program.
RESULTS
Out of 785 subjects, 454(57.8%) were in the risk group of musculoskeletal diseases and 121(15.4%) were in the high risk group. According to multiple logistic regression analysis of the factors for the musculoskeletal symptoms in the low risk group, the significant risk factors were sex and personal disease related with musculoskeletal disease, while the risk factors in the high risk group were age, sex, and personal disease related with musculoskeletal disease. After the 12-week exercise program was performed by the low risk group, the number of musculoskeletal symptom complaints in the control group did not significantly changed, whereas for the intervention group, the number of musculoskeletal symptom complaints significantly declined for all parts of the body. After the 12-week exercise program performed by the high risk group, the number of musculoskeletal symptom complaints in the control group was significantly enhanced for the arm and elbow parts. In the intervention group, the complaint rate for musculoskeletal symptoms significantly declined only for the low back.
CONCLUSION
The musculoskeletal symptoms were significantly improved by the exercise program in the low risk group, but not in the high risk group. It is suggested that control measures on administrative and/or work related factors, in addition to the exercise program should be considered simultaneously for the control of musculoskeletal symptoms in groups at high risk of musculoskeletal disease.

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The association between long working hours and work-related musculoskeletal symptoms of Korean wage workers: data from the fourth Korean working conditions survey (a cross-sectional study)
Jae-Gwang Lee, Guang Hwi Kim, Sung Won Jung, Sang Woo Kim, June-Hee Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Barriers to Performing Stretching Exercises Among Korean‐Chinese Female Migrant Workers in Korea
Hyeonkyeong Lee, JoEllen Wilbur, Duckhee Chae, Kyongeun Lee, Meenhye Lee
Public Health Nursing.2015; 32(2): 112. CrossRef
Analysis of the Factors Regarding Work-related Musculoskeletal Disease by Company Size
Sung Won Jung, Kyung Ha Kim, Min Hyun Suk, Rah Il Hwang
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2014; 28(3): 522. CrossRef
Effects of a 12 week self‐managed stretching program among Korean–Chinese female migrant workers in Korea: A randomized trial
Hyeonkyeong Lee, Duckhee Chae, JoEllen Wilbur, Arlene Miller, Kyongeun Lee, Hwaeun Jin
Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2014; 11(2): 121. CrossRef
The Study of Muscle Fatigue and Risks of Musculoskeletal System Disorders from Text Inputting on a Smartphone
Kyung Ko, Hee-Soo Kim, Ji-Hea Woo
Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea.2013; 32(3): 273. CrossRef
The Trends and Status of Work-related Musculoskeletal Diseases under Korean Worker's Compensation System
Kyung Ha Kim, Rah Il Hwang, Min Hyun Suk
Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2013; 22(2): 102. CrossRef
Related Factors to Musculoskeletal Discomfort Symptoms on Some Middle·High school Teachers
Jae-Yoon Lee, Byeong-Yeon Moon, Youn-Hong Jeong, Hyun-Kyung Woo
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2012; 13(1): 264. CrossRef
Gender-related Factors Associated with Upper Extremity Function in Workers
Kyoo Sang Kim, Min Gi Kim
Safety and Health at Work.2010; 1(2): 158. CrossRef

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The Clinical Importance of an Increase in Serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase Concentration: Joo Youn Shin, Yong Kyu Kim, Shin Goo Park, Jee Na Lee, Hwan Chul Kim, Jong Han Leem, Yun Chul Hong; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(1):1-9. Published online March 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.1.1

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Incresed gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentration has mainly been used as a biologic marker of alcohol drinking and liver diseases. However, some recent reports have suggested that serum GGT concentration may be an early biomarker of oxidative stress and associated with chronic diseases like hypertension, DM, hyperlipidemia, CHD, stroke etc. In this study, we analysed the factors associated with increased serum GGT level and evaluated the clinical application of serum GGT in predicting the risk of chronic diseases.
METHODS
The data were collected from 15,546 periodic health examinations, 9,660 males and 5,886 females, done at one university hospital from 2001 to 2003. We analysed self-questionnaire, physical examination and laboratory data. Statistical analyses(t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and logistic regression analysis) were done by SPSS for windows 10.0.
RESULTS
Mean serum GGT levels were quite different according to age, sex, BMI, smoking and alcohol drinking (all P-value < 0.001), but were not different by regular vitamin intake or not (P-value=0.117). There was significant correlation between serum GGT level and the variables (of age, BMI, blood pressure, Hb, fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, AST and ALT) (all P-value < 0.001). In sex-specific multiple regression analysis, increased serum GGT level was significantly associated with age, alcohol drinking, smoking, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar and ALT in males (all P-value < 0.001), and with age, alcohol drinking, smoking, Hb, blood pressure, total cholesterol and ALT in females (all P-value < 0.05). In sex-specific logistic regression analysis, increased serum GGT level was significantly associated with risk of 'clinical abnormalities'. This risk increased about 13-fold in males and 4.6-fold in females for serum GGT level over the third quatile, compared with under the first quartile.
CONCLUSIONS
Serum GGT level is increased not only by alcohol drinking or liver diseases, but also by many other factors associated with chronic diseases and behavioral factors. Thus many factors should be considered in evaluating an increase in GGT level, even when within the upper normal range. Serum GGT level may be a predictor for the early development of chronic diseases.

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The Association of Central Obesity with Type 2 Diabetes among Koreans according to the Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Level: Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Ji-Yeon Shin, Jun-Hyun Hwang, Jin-Young Jeong, Sung-Hi Kim, Jai-Dong Moon, Sang-Chul Roh, Young-Wook Kim, Yangho Kim, Jong-Han Leem, Young-Su Ju, Young-Seoub Hong, Eun-Hee Ha, Yong-Hwan Lee, Duk-Hee Lee, Dong-Hyun Kim
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2009; 42(6): 386. CrossRef

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