A 28-year-old male began working as a degreaser. The solvent used in the degreasing operation was trichloroethylene. Over the next month the man experienced fever, chills, and an erythematous skin rash and itching. At that time he had a marked elevation in his liver enzyme, with cholestasis. Over the next few days the rash persisted then peeled. There was an elevation of Ig E, and a positive patch test reaction to trichloroethylene. His dermatitis and hepatitis were considered to be mediated by a hypersensitivity mechanism.
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Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;15(1):95-110. Published online March 31, 2003
OBJECTIVES Area-based occupational disease surveillance in Kumi (KODS) was used to collect data on occupational diseases. The data was used to estimate the magnitude of the diseases, to analyze for their characteristics, and to find links for their intervention and prevention. METHODS Since January 2001, occupational physicians and nurses in Occupational Health Service (OHS)have reported six major occupational diseases; occupational musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremities(MSDUE), occupational dermatoses, toxic hepatitis, occupational asthma (OA), hand-arm vibration syndrome(HAVS), and occupational cancer. For the respective diseases, a reporting sheet and operational diagnostic criteria were developed by the KODS. An analysis of the KODS data, collected over a certain period, was compared with data from the Korea Labor Workers Corporation (KLWC) and the Specific Health Examination (SHE), and the incidence rates of the diseases estimated. RESULTS Between Jan 2001 and Apr 2002, 287 cases of the six major occupational disease were reported. Of these, there were 132 (46.0%), 100 (34.8%), 34 (11.8%), 16 (5.6%), and 5 (1.7%), cases of MSDUE, occupational dermatoses, toxic hepatitis, OA, and HAVS, respectively. But, there were no cases of occupational cancer. 33 (11.5%) of the incidence were reported via the OHS, 206 (71.7%) from health checkups, and the other 48(16.8%) from other routes. The synthetic fibers and electronic components manufacturing industries accounted for the greatest number of reported cases. With respect to occupation, the greatest numbers of incidence were reported from the elementary occupations, textile workers, assemblers, and cooks and food services worker, in that order. Of the MSDUE cases, carpal tunnel syndrome and epicondylitis were the two most common diseases. Most of the occupational dermatoses were due to contact dermatitis, with organic solvents (59%), nickel (6%), and epoxy resin (5%) accounting for the majority of these cases. All cases of toxic hepatitis were induced by dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide, which were reported by a unique monitoring system. During same period, there were no cases claimed by workers to the KLWC, and only three cases from SHE, were identified. Using data from workers' number and surveillance, the annual incidences of MSDUE, dermatoses, hepatitis, OA, and HAVS, per 100,000 workers were 63.6, 48.2, 17.9, 7.7, and 2.4, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results show that an area-based surveillance system can be very effective for the collection of data on work-related diseases, at least in Kumi.
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OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between job stress and the variables associated with the organizational effectiveness of dental technicians. METHODS The job stresses were divided into the following six components; somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, and hostility. The organi-zational effectiveness variables in this study included job satisfaction, occupational commitment, organizational commitment and intent to leave. The sample used in this study consisted of 248 dental technicians working in hospitals and dental laboratories. The data were collected with self-administered questionnaires between March 16 and April 29 in 2002, and the results analyzed with ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Firstly, job stress of dental technicians was found to be significantly different in relation to the number of workers at the workplace and the working hours. The level of job stress was the highest when the number of workers were more than 10, or when the daily working hours were over 12. Secondly, of the six variables of job stress, five variables of somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, and hostility were found to have significant negative correlations with job satisfaction. Thirdly, all six job stress variables were found to have significant negative correlations with the occupational and organizational commitments of the dental technicians. Finally, depression was the only job stress variable found to have a significant effect on the dental technicians' intent to leave. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that personal and organizational efforts are very important to improve the organizational effectiveness in reducing work related stress. Organizational support, especially for managing the depression of dental technicians is recommended.
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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cerebrovascular and other related health effcets, due to the exposure of ex-workers to carbon disulfide in the manufacture of rayon. METHODS The study subjects comprised of 453 workers from the rayon manufacturing industry (387 males, 66 females). They were examined with a brain MRI and for other risk factors related to their occupation, such as age, work department, work duration, duration of work cessation, and blood pressure. Laboratory tests were also performed such as blood sugar, hemoglobin, cholesterol, etc. The cumulative exposure levels were calculated as the mean exposure level, per work department, multiplied by the total work duration in months. RESULTS 75.1% of the subjects were between the ages of 40 and 59 years. 76.0% of the subjects had worked in high exposure departments (e.g., department of spinning and refining etc). 52.5% of the subjects had worked for more than 10 years, and 63.3% of the subjects had ginven up the work (exposure) more than 10 years earlier. The brain MRI findings were normal, a single lacunar infarct, multiple lacunar infarcts (mostly, on subcortex and white matter), and a hemorrhage in 52.5, 8.6, 36.2 and 2.7% respectively. Multiple lacunar infarcts were not related to the cumulative exposure level but in the female workers only, were significantly related to the increasing level of work duration (p<0.05), and in the male workers only, were related to the increased duration of work cessation and age (p<0.01). Abnormal rates of laboratory tests were higher in the multiple lacunar infarcts subjects with hypertension compared to theose with normal brain MRI findings (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The multiple lacunar infarcts of the brain seemed not to be related to the cumulative exposure level but to the low exposure departments, duration of work, duration of work cessation, age and hypertension. This was conducted as a health evaluation on workers from the rayon manufacturing industry who had terminated their exposure to carbon disulfide many years earlier.
OBJECTIVES Nickel (Ni) is present in many industrial working environments and consumer products, and is one of the leading cause of allergic contact dermatitis, which is a typical delayed (type IV) hypersensitivity reaction. However, the mechanism by which nickel causes this pathology is not well known. The contact dermatitis induced by nickel is mediated, primarily, through macrophages. This property was similar to autotoxicity related nitric oxide (NO) production. NO mediated cytotoxicity was dependent on both H2O2 and peroxynitrite (OONO-). The purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of NO/H2O2 in the cytotoxicity induced by nickel. Therefore, this study was designed to examine whether nickel could modulate NO/H2O2 production and how the Ni may affect ATP production, intracellular GSH level, and cell viability. METHODS This study was based on the observations of cultures of RAW 264.7 cells, which originated from a tumor in a Balb/c mouse that had been induced by the Abelson murine leukemia virus. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with either Ni, N- onomethyl-L- arginine (NMLA), catalase, and DTT for 24-72 h. The cytotoxicity of the nickel was measured via the cell viability and NO2-, H2O2, GSH, and the mitochondrial function was evaluated by the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in the RAW 264.7 cells. RESULTS The NO2- synthesis of RAW 264.7 cells increased with the increase in concentrations of Ni up to 50-micrometer, after 24 and 48 h of exposure, but then decreased at concentrations greater than 50-micrometer, and with time periods exceeding 48 h. In contrast, viability of cells and intracellular GSH level decreased in the presence of Ni in a dose and time dependent manner. However, the H2O2 synthesis of RAW 264.7 cells was not changed in the all experimental conditions. The NO2- synthesis of the cells was higher than control, whereas ATP, GSH and viability were lower than control in addition of Ni and the pretreatment of catalase or DTT prior to addition of Ni. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that NO plays an important role in the cytotoxicity of Ni. Cytotoxicity of Ni may exert through modulation of NO production and associate with a decrease in intracellular GSH levels.
OBJECTIVES This study was performed to analyze the factors that affect the decision to approve workers compensation claims for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases and to analyze the worker characteristics. METHODS Three hundred, sixty-nine cases were collected based on the workers compensation records of three Seoul and Incheon Regional centers of the Labor Welfare Corporation between 1998 and 1999. They contained the general characteristics, injury information and past medical histories. The x2-test and logistic regression were performed to investigate the factors affecting the approvals. Seventy-two survivors were surveyed by telephone for job stress. Job stress was surveyed in three parts: job demands, decision latitude and personal free time. RESULTS Of the cases, 167 obtained approval from the Corporation; the others did not. Regardless of approval, 62% of all subjects had more than one of the cerebral and cardiovascular risk factors. Especially, 53.9% of subjects had hypertension. According to the logistic regression, the fatal cases had a higher approval rate (OR=26.4, CI=9.13-76.22). The cases with working condition change (OR=6.5, CI=3.45-12.07), accidents on worksite (OR=4.9, CI=2.39-10.07), female (OR=4.0, CI=1.21-13.3), accidents at night duty (OR=2.9, CI=.156-5.39), cases occurring on duty (OR=.25, CI=1.34-4.72) and cases without past disease history (OR=1.8, CI=1.02-3.36) also had higher approval rates. Telephone survey found that the approval rate increased with decreasing freedom of personal time schedule. However, the logistic regression revealed that job stress didnt affect the approvals. CONCLUSION To prevent cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, the most important aspect is to control hypertension which is the most common risk factor among the victims. Moreover, job stress and over working should be considered in the just approval of the workers compensation claims.
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OBJECTIVES To determine the health behavior practices and needs for health promotion in shift work pattern in subway workers. METHODS Among 789 male subway workers divided into four groups, 191 day time workers, 187 station service men (3 groups, 2 turns), 204 rolling stock inspectors (3 groups, 2 turns) and 207 train operators (8 groups, 5 turns), we surveyed the health behavior and needs for health promotion by questionnaire. RESULTS For obesity, blood pressure and total cholesterol, day time workers had the highest levels, while train operators had higher diseases of the liver and stomach than others. The station service men had the highest smoking rate and daily smoking amount. More than 80% of the respondents consumed alcohol, and the drinking amount was highest among the day time workers and the 8/5 shift train operators. Eighty-two percent of the station service men had irregular eating habits and 17.7% did not have any breakfast. In health promotion activities, exercise and restriction of one's favorite(smoking or drinking) were most preferred in the four groups of respondents. The priority of needs and participation for health promotion program was exercise programs, followed by stress management, cancer prevention program, weight control program, anti-smoking campaign, high blood pressure control program, and abstinence/moderation in drinking. CONCLUSION As the health behavior practices differed relative to shift work patterns, it was suggested that a comprehensive health promotion program according to shift work pattern should be planned and implemented among subway workers.
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OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of recognition on the restructuring of the psychosocial well-being of the workers. METHODS 302 employees were recruited by a stratified random sampling method, from a company located in Seoul, which undergoing an administrative evaluation, in 2001. Subjects were asked to fill out questionnaire sheet on their recognition of the restructuring, and were questions on their psychosocial well-being. A one-way ANOVA and a multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. RESULTS For the psychological well-being, the levels of social performance and self-confidence were significantly different relation to age, educational attainment, marital status, insecurity recogni-tion, and competency recognition.
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OBJECTIVES This study was performed to measure the stress level of physically disabled workers, and to investigate the relationship between the stress dimensions and stress inducing factors of physically disabled workers in the Korean manufacturing industry. METHODS The sample used in this study consisted of 341 physically disabled workers who had been working at companies in Seoul, Inchon, and Gyung-gi provinces. The Psycho-social Well-being Index (PWI), a modified version of Goldberg's 60-items of General Health Questionnaire (GHS), was used to measure the stress level. The following independent and moderate variables were designed for the same purpose. The independent variables were general and disability characteristics, workplace-related characteristics, and job stressor of the respondents. The other variables included organization-related stressors (social and family support) and person related stressors (needs and values, type A behavior pattern, locus of control and demographics), self-esteem and coping strategy. The collected data were analyzed using SAS version 6.12 program. RESULTS Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the significant variables on the stress level of physically disabled workers were poor self-perceived health status, low self-esteem, absence of regular exercise, physically disabled condition affecting work performance capability, dependent mobility at home, interpersonal conflict, role conflict and A type behavior pattern. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that appropriate health promotion program should be established and provided for reducing the stress of physically disabled workers in the manufacturing industry. In addition, various vocational programs for decreasing interpersonal and role conflicts should be developed.
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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of job stress, and the coping strategy of hospital workers on job satisfaction. METHODS 468 self-administered questionnaires, were obtained from 120 doctors, 194 nurses, 45pharmacists and 109 administrators at a university hospital located in Seoul. The sociodemographic characteristics, personality types, degree of social support, job stresses, coping strategies, and job satisfaction were all assessed from the questionnaires. RESULTS The analysis of job stress, according to occupation, showed that the most important job-related stress-inducing factors were: for doctors, role overload, and poor advancement opportunity; for nurses, role overload, and career development and wages; for pharmacists, role overload and lack of recognition from other health professionals; and for administrators, career development and wages, and organizational inefficiency. Job satisfaction had a significant positive correlation with control strategy, and a negative correlation with role ambiguity, career development and wages, personal relationship, role overload, and symptom management strategy. Job satisfaction was significantly influenced by control strategy, occupation, role ambiguity, person with an 'A' type personality and gender, from a multiple regression analysis. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggested that to increase the job satisfaction for hospital workers, they need to be encouraged to use control strategies; create a supportive hospital atmospheres for social supports; re-evaluation, structuring and a new job design are all required to reduce role ambiguity.
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