Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Volume 12 (1); March 2000

Case Report

Acute Hydrogen Sulfide Poisoning: TWO CASES REPORT: Jong Goo Kim, Kyung Jong Lee, Se Wi Lee, Jae Beom Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):148-155. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.148

Hydrogen sulfide poisoning is frequently encountered in the workplace. Two workers lost their consciousness in an underground tank at a factory producing paper. The tank contained liquid mixture of used paper, sodium oxygenate chloride(NaOC1), and sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate(NaSO3 5H90). A worker(worker A; 36-year-old man) entered tank to remove sludge. When worker A lost his consciousness, worker B entered the tank to rescue worker A, however he lost consciousness inside the tank. We discuss in detail the clinical features of this condition. Hydrogen sulfide poisonings have occurred in industries involving petroleum refining, the manufacture of heavy water, tanning of hides, vulcanization of rubber, and the manufacture of rayon. And it is necessary to stress the health education for workers and managers in these industries.

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A case of syncope in a villager with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after hydrogen sulfide exposure by an unauthorized discharge of wastewater
Hyeonjun Kim, Seunghyeon Cho, Inho Jung, Sunjin Jung, Won-Ju Park
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Identification of control parameters for the sulfur gas storability with bag sampling methods
Sang-Hee Jo, Ki-Hyun Kim, Zang-Ho Shon, David Parker
Analytica Chimica Acta.2012; 738: 51. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Analysis of Korean Analytical Quality Assurance Program for the Special Health Examination from 1995 to 1999: Seong Kyu Kang, Jeong Sun Yang, Mi Young Lee, In Jeong Park, Ho Keun Chung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):139-147. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.139

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: The accuracy of analytical results of blood and urine heavy metals came out to the main issue on occupational health from late eighties. The discrepancy of the results for same samples from different laboratories made the diagnosis for occupational diseases be unreliable. Therefore, a quality control program for analysis of samples taken from workplace had been introduced in Korea since 1992. This study aims to show the quality control program f'or analysis of blood and urine samples and its proficient rates from 1992 to 1999 and to know how they have been being used in occupational health.
METHODS
The quality control program runs twice a year with mandatory items of blood lead and urine hippuvic acid and voluntary items of blood cadmium and manganese and urine mandellic acid and methyl hippuric acid. Participant laboratories are receiving three levels for each items and two out of three samples have to be qualified for being a proficient laboratory for the item. The acceptable range of blood lead and urine hippuric acid is +/-15% and that of the others is within 3 SD(standard deviation) from the reference values.
RESULTS
The proficient rates of blood lead and urine hippuric acid was 89%, 90%, repectively, however those of the other voluntary items have been from 51% to 62%. The proficient rates of urine mercury and urine N-methylformamide(NMF), which are introduced since 1999, were very poor. Urine hippuric acid and blood lead were analyzed frequently for the purpose of biological monitoring conducting by special health examination organizations. Urine and blood manganese and urine metabolites of trichloroethylene, urine phenol, methylhippuric acid and cadmium were followed.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, the quality control program for biological monitoring has dramatically improve the ability of analysing blood and urine samples and eventually contributes to diagnose occupational diseases and to prevent occupational poisoning. However, some biological monitoring data, such as urine manganese, mercury and NMF, have been still reported from laboratories that were not accepted as a proficient laboratory.

Citations

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External Quality Assessment Scheme for Biological Monitoring of Occupational Exposure to Toxic Chemicals
Mi-Young Lee, Jeong Sun Yang, Seong-Kyu Kang
Safety and Health at Work.2011; 2(3): 229. CrossRef

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The Relationship between Psychosocial Distress and Lead Exposure Indices in Lead Workers: Yong Bae Kim, Hyun Cheol Ahn, Young Hwangbo, Gap Soo Lee, Kyu Yoon Hwang, Sung Soo Lee, Kyu Dong Ahn, Byung Kook Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):128-138. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.128

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was carried out to assess psychosocial distress of lead workers and to examine the relationship between lead exposure indices and psychosocial distress.
METHODS
The study design was cross-sectional and research subjects were 234 lead workers in primary smelting industry. General characteristics, job characteristics and social support were obtained by self-administered questionnaire and history taking. Psychosocial distress was measured using PWI(Psychosocial Well-being Index), a 45-item self-administered instrument. Blood lead(PbB), zinc protoporphyrin(ZPP), -aminolevulinic acid in urine(ALAU) were selected as indicators of lead exposure.
RESULTS
There was significant difference in PWI according to lead exposure level and job characteristics. The results of correlation analysis showed that PWI was significantly correlated with PbB(r=0.203, P=0.002).
CONCLUSIONS
Our results supported the association between lead exposure and psychosocial distress. The inclusion of psychosocial distress measurement as a special health examination for lead workers was highly recommended for the effective health management.

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An Analysis of Industrial Accidents in an Automobile Factory: Kyung Jong Lee, Jae Beom Park, Ho Keun Chung, Jong Goo Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):119-127. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.119

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To know the present conditions of industrial accidents in automobile factories in Korea and make the basic materials essential to prevention of industrial accidents METHODS: We reviewed and analyzed the records of industrial accidents occurred in an automobile factory in 1997 by time of occurrence, job categories(fixed production, skilled trades, mechanical material handling, and clerical 8r technical), type of injury, kind of accident, and location of injury.
RESULTS
1. By age groups, the accident rate was the highest in age 45-49(1.6 %o) followed by age 35-39(1.3 %), 40-44(0.9 %), 30-34(0.9 %), 25-29(0.6 %), and 20-24(0.4 %) and by working duration, it was highest in group of experience over 25 years, and so we could see that the more age or working duration increases the more accident rate increases. 2. By work time, the accident rate was the highest in 10-11 a.m. (21.4 %) followed by 2-3 p.m. (17.9%). By the day of the week, it was as follows, Friday(20.5%) Wednesday (17. 9%), Monday (16. 2 %), Thesday (15. 4 %), Saturday (12. 0 %), Thursday(11.1 %), Sunday(6.8 %) in order. By the month, it was high in May(17.9 %), March(11.1 %), and April(11.1 %) followed by August(10.3 %) and January(9.4 %), so we could see it was high in spring. 3. The most frequent injury was in the back by 41.0 % followed by 17 cases in fingers(14.5 %), legs(9.4 %), hands(7.7 %), head(6.0 %) in order. And by the type of injuries, the sprain was most frequent by 38. 5% followed by fracture(22. 2 %, lumbar HNP(11.1 %), and contusion(9.4 %) in order. The causes of accident were handling heavy materials(34.2 %), upset(17.1 %), stenosis(16.2 %), and falling(6.8 %) in order.
CONCLUSIONS
By the above results, to prevent the industrial accidents in automobile factories in Korea, preventive activities for handling heavy materials and back injury, and continuous industrial education are necessary.

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Hepatic Effect of Simultaneous Exposure to Nickel and Cadmium in Rats: Bong Suk Cha, Seungjun Wang, Sei Jin Chang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):111-118. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.111

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This research was intended to verify hepatic effect of simutaneously combined exposure of nickel chloride and cadmium chloride with IPRL(Isolated Perfused Rat Liver) method.
METHODS
AST(aspartate aminotransferase), ALT(alanine aminotransferase), LDH(lactate dehydrogenase) and perfusion flow rate were used as the indicator of hepatotoxicity and oxygen consumption rate were used as the indicator of viability. 300(+/-50) g weighted rats were allocated randomly to each group (control group, 50 microM 200 microM separately exposure group of NiC1, and CdC1, simultaneously combined exposure group of NiC1 and CdC1) by 5, totally 35. Buffer which got out of liver was sampled and then biochemical indicator of hepatotoxicity was measured. In order to verify difference among groups, two way repeated ANOVA was used. With comparing mean summation of separate exposure group with mean of simultaneous exposure group, possibility that combined effect could be synergistic effect was verified.
RESULTS
AST, ALT, LDH increased in both of separate exposure group and simultaneous exposure group. Perfusion flow rate and oxygen consumption rate decreased but statistically significant difference among groups was not found, In each exposure group, AST, ALT, LDH, oxygen consumption rate of simultaneous exposure group increased more than sum of separate exposure group after any sampling time.
CONCLUSIONS
It was found that simultaneous combined effect could be synergistic effect through the biochemical indicator of hepatotoxicity.

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Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of the Workers Exposed to Industrial Noise: Young Kee Kim, Tae Joon Cha, Joo Hyun Byun, Kwang Ook Koh, Yong Hwan Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):99-110. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.99

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of industrial noise on blood pressure and heart rate.
METHODS
Resting blood pressure, hearing loss, and general characteristics of the 102 subjects who were engaged in a factory in Pusan were measured from March to June for two years, in 1998 and 1999. With noise dosimeter, noise exposure level was measured from 8 A.M. to 4 P.M. Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were also measured every 30 minutes from 8 A.M. to 10 P. M.
RESULTS
Controlling for age, smoking, and Quetelet's index, in subjects of under 40 years old exposed to higher than 85dBA, noise exposure and systolic blood pressure had a statistically significant correlation, and the same result was obtained in all subjects. The daily variability of ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were observed in older than 40 years old group, but only heart rate in under 40 years old.
CONCLUSIONS
The blood pressure and heart rate would be elevated when the workers exposed to noise. And in under 40 years old, the systolic blood pressure was elevated to the workers exposed to higher than 85dBA.

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The Incidence Rate of the Pneumoconiosis among Retired Coal Miners: Yong Hee Cheon; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):93-98. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.93

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The incidence rate of pneumoconiosis among retired coal miners was studied at Taebackchungang hospital.
METHODS
Newly developed pneumoconiosis0=1/0) cases were gathered from films of ex-coal miners who were diagnosed as normal at the previous examination after retirement.
RESULTS
228 exminers were confirmed as normal at the previous examination after retirement. 37 ex-miners were diagnosed as pneumoconiosis (equal or greater than 1/0) at the next examination.
CONCLUSIONS
The incidence rate was 29.5/1000 person-year. The incidence was calculated by the examined year. In 1995, 1996, 1997, the incidence rates were 104. 8, 37. 1, 14.1 per 1000 person-year respectively. There was no development of pneumoconiosis among retired coal miners who retired more than 20 years ago or who worked less than 10 years.

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Adipose Tissue and Serum Levels of PCBs and DDE in Women with Gynecologic Benign Disease: Sung Kyun Park, Kang Sook Lee, Young Man Rho, Jung Wan Koo, Sun Young Min, Jin Goo Han, Won Kyoung Ko, Mi Ran Kim, Jae Keun Chung, Jong Seung Lee, Jin Hong Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):81-92. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.81

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was purposed to determine the levels of PCBs and DDE in adipose tissue and serum and to evaluate the relations with factors affecting these levels.
METHODS
We analyzed adipose tissues and sera from 52 gynecologic benign disease patients aged 27-78 years, except hormonal diseases such as breast cancer and endometriosis. We also surveyed age, education, occupation, body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking, number of children, and duration of breastfeeding by questionnaires. Tissue and serum levels of PCBs and DDE were measured using gas chromatography.
RESULTS
The median and geometric mean levels of PCBs were 48. 29 ng/g, 56. 78 ng/g for adipose tissue and 4. 67 uc/L, 4. 85 m/L for serum, and those of DDE were 142.89 ng/g, 117.06 ng/g for adipose tissue and l. 75 m/L, 2.09 ua/L for serum, respectively. Adipose tissue and serum levels for DDE showed high correlation (r=0. 310, p=0. 0002), but those of PCBs didn' t (r=0.029, p=0.2582). In analyses of the differences of the means of log transformed adipose tissue and serum PCBs and DDE levels for groups of potential covariates, only adipose tissue DDE levels were significantly associated with number of children (p=0.015), age at first birth (p=0.014) and BMI (p=0.035). In multiple regression analysis, adipose tissue DDE levels were significantly increased with decreasing number of children and increasing age at first birth.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggested that parity and adiposity were associated with levels of DDE in adipose tissue, and adipose tissue is a better biomarker than serum for evaluating the long-term exposure of organochlorines.

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Time Series Analysis between the Concentration of Air Pollutants and the Number of Respiratory Disease Outpatients in Seoul: Byeong Chul Choi, Jung Wan Koo, Sung Kyun Park, Hyun Woo Yim, Kang Sook Lee, Won Chul Lee, Chung Yill Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):70-80. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.70

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate whether air pollution levels in Seoul have short term effects on respiratory disease outpatients.
METHODS
We analyzed five air pollutants (CO, NOy, Oy, SOp, PMyp) and daily counts of outpatient for respiratory disease divided by age group ((15yrs, 15-64yrs, 65+yrs) during the period of July 1997-June 1998 using Generalized Additive Model(GAM).
RESULTS
After controlling for seasonal trends, day of the week, week of the month, temperature and humidity, CO (RR=1. 041 ~ l. 051, 0-day lag) and NOy (RR=1. 024~1. 050, 3-day lag) were significantly associated with daily counts for respiratory disease in all age groups. 0, and SO, were associated, with a 3-day lag in the age group under 15 years (O RR=1. 047, 95% CI=1. 045- 1. 049 i SOp RR=1. 018, 95% CI=1. 017- l. 020) and with a 0-day lag in the age group 15 to 64 years (0, RR=1. 035, 95% CI=1. 032-1. 037; SO, RR=1. 037, 95% CI=1. 035-1. 039), in the age group over 65 years (O RR=1. 042, 95% CI=1. 033-1. 051; SO RR=1.029, 95% CI=1.022-1.036). PM was weakly associated, with a 1-day lag in the age group under 15 years (RR=1.011, 95% CI=1.010-1.013) and with a 0-day lag in the age group 15 to 64 years (RR=1. 021, 95% CI=1. 019-1. 023), in the age group over 65 years (RR=1. 025, 95% CI=1. 018-1. 032). In the two pollutant model, the magnitudes of the relative risk for CO, NOy and Oq were maintained, but SOy was not associated with daily counts for respiratory disease in the age group under 15 years after controlling for NO,. PMyp was not associated in all age groups after controlling for CO, so the association with PMyp in the single pollutant model might be confounded by CO. In this study, the impact Of PMyp on the respiratory disease was not large as compared with other pollutants.
CONCLUSIONS
Air pollution in Seoul may increase the incidence of the respiratory disease, so more positive attention for the control of air pollution should be paid.

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Impact of environmental factors on pulmonary tuberculosis in multi-levels industrial upgrading area of China
Xiang Yi, Shixiao Liu
Environmental Research.2021; 195: 110768. CrossRef

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Incidence of Abnormal Liver Function and Risk Factors in Male Employees: Young Ae Ha, Kyeong Dong Chung, Byung Yeol Chun; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):59-69. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.59

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to estimate the incidence of abnormal liver function and risk factors in male employees of an industry in Ulsan City.
METHODS
Five hundreds and seventy nine male employees were selected as the study cohort and 533(92.1%) of them were followed after one year. The blood sample was collected to test for AST, ALT, gamma-GTP, total-cholesterol, fasting blood sugar and a self-administered questionnaire on life style was done. General characteristics(age, marital status, educational level), job department, exposure status for organic solvents, life style(alcohol, smoking, exercise, diet), past history of liver disease, family history of liver disease, drug intake, HBsAg, blood glucose, total-cholesterol were considered as risk factors. The result of liver function test after 1 year follow-up was treated as dependent variable. The operational definition of abnormal liver function was as follows; those who had abnormal liver functions in the two repeated tests with one month interval.
RESULTS
The annual incidence of abnormal liver function was 9.6 per 100 and age-standardized incidence was 9.5. BMI, alcohol, past history of liver disease, and meat intake were significantly related to the incidence(p<0.05). In multiple logistic regression analysis, BMI(RR=2.70, 95% CI=1.41-5.16) and alcohol(RR=1.98, 95% CI=1.08-3.60) were proved as the significant variables. By stratified analysis considering changing pattern of alcohol and BMI, the relative risk of the BMI normal-normal and alcohol intake high-high group was 2.24(95% CI=1.09-4.62) and that of the BMI obese-obese and alcohol intake high-high group was 5.66(95% CI=2.69-11.88) compared with that of BMI normal-normal and alcohol intake low-low group.
CONCLUSIONS
The age-standardized annual incidence of abnormal liver function was 9.5 per 100 in male employees. Thus, an active effort for reducing alcohol intake and controlling BMI should be done to reduce the incidence.

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Musculoskeletal Disorders and Related Factors of Symphony Orchestra Players: Nak Jung Sung, Joon Sakong, Jong Hak Chung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):48-58. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.48

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Several studies have shown that performance related musculoskeletal disorders present a significant and common health problem for instrument players. This study was conducted to investigate the symptom prevalence rate of performance-related musculoskeletal disorders and risk factors on symphony orchestra players.
METHODS
The symptom prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders and related factors including demographic factors, occupational factors, psychosocial factors, practice and performance-related behaviors of on 156 symphony orchestra players in Taegu city were surveyed with a self-administered questionnaire.
RESULTS
Instrument players have performed for 14. 6 years in average and worked 4. 9 for years in average as a member of symphony orchestra. The subjects consisted of 106 string players, 48 wind players, and 8 percussion players. The symptom prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders according to the NIOSH surveillance criteria was 79. 6 % and operational criteria by authors was 45. 9 %. The prevalence rate of viola players was higher than violin players, and the prevalence rate of the bass players was higher than that of the cello players. In univariate analysis, job insecurity, irregular performance, stress from family problems, and performance related psychosomatic strains had a significant association with the prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders. In multiple logistic regression, job insecurity, irregular performance, and stress from family problems were significant variables affecting the prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders of instrument players.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggest that symphony orchestra players are high risk group of musculoskeletal disorders. Irregular performance schedule and psychosocial stress including job insecurity, and psychosomatic strain were important risk factors of players musculoskeletal disorders. An exercise program such as stretching before and after performance, regular performance schedule and reduction of psychosocial stress might be helpful for prevention of musculoskeletal disorders of instrument players.

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Apoptosis Induced by Manganese in Basal Ganglia Primary Neuronal Cell Culture: Morphological Findings: Dong Hoon Shin, Sang Pyo Kim, Young Wook Jung, Jae Hoon Bae, Dae Kyu Song, Won Ki Baek; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):41-47. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.41

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
Manganese is cytotoxic to the central nervous system including basal ganglia. Its toxic mechanism is related to oxidative stress, mediated by toxic free radicals but is specultives. In the present study, we have investigated to manifest apoptosis in manganese-induced cytotoxicity in primary neuronal cell culture of rat basal ganglia.
METHOD
To detect apoptotic neuronal cells were stained by the terminal deoxynu-cleotide(TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end-labelling(TUNEL) method and apoptotic changes in nuclei of neurons were observed by electron microscopy.
RESULTS
We showed that TUNEL immunostain showed brownish signal in the nuclei of apoptotic cells and the proportions of apoptotic cells in Manganese treatment groups were more higher than controls. On transmission electron microscopy, there were chromatine condensation with margination toward nuclear membrane and condensation of cytoplasm in the treated with luM MnC1, for 48 hours in a basal ganglia neurons. Apoptotic bodies were found and consisted of semilunar-like condensed nuclei with relatively intact cytoplasmic organelles.
CONCLUSIONS
Apoptosis appears to be one mechanism in the manganese-induced neuronal cell death. Manganese intoxication is a convenient model for apoptosis study.

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Structural Modeling of Stress, Life Style and Health Status in Industrial Employees: Jang Kyun Oh; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):26-40. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.26

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine stress affecting the life style(such as alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise, sleep disturbance, obesity), and to determine the relationships among the stress, life style and health status of in industrial employees.
METHODS
This study utilized the data from health survey and laboratory test(such as liver enzymes and lipid profiles) in 463 Industrial Employees. Psychosocial wellbeing index was used in stress scales. The data were analyzed using SAS version 6. 11, LISREL version 8. 12i and PRELIS 2, 12i. The analytic methods for study were chi-square analysis, anova and covariance structural analysis.
RESULTS
There was no significant relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and stress. The older person, married, higher education level, higher economic status and researcher group included the good life style. The higher streas groups included the more alcohol consumption, more smoking, less exercise and more sleep disturbance. There was no significant relationship between stress and health status(liver enzymes and lipid profiles) Alcohol consumption, less exercise and obesity had a significant relationship with abnormal liver enzymes. Alcohol consumption, smoking, less exercise, sleep disturbance and obesity had a significant relationship with abnormal lipid profiles. Based on the findings, the structural model of stress, life style and health status was established and then consider to socio-demographic characteristics the covariance structural analysis was used. The higher stress scores included the bad life style. The bad life style included the lower health status. Regardless stress, obesity was significant relationship with health status.
CONCLUSIONS
Control of stress was initiative clues in health-promotive behaviors. Less alcohol consumption, no smoking, regular exercise, no sleep disturbance and not obese were health-promotive behaviors. Stress influenced the life style, and then life style influenced the health status.

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The Association of the Serum Magnesium with Hearing Loss Among Noise Exposed Male Workers: Wan Seoup Park, Jong Young Lee, Sang Jae Jung, Jae Young Yoo, Tae Sung Choi, Sung Chul Hong, Sung Chan No; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):12-25. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.12

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate that the chronic noise exposure is associated with decreased serum magnesium concentrations and evaluate whether decreased serum magnesium is associated with noise induced hearing loss.
METHODS
One hundred seventy-eight male workers exposed to noise were selected and classified three groups by the degree of hearing loss. Hearing threshold levels were less than 30 dB at 1,000 Hz or less than 40 dB at 4,000 Hz in group I, more than 30 dB at 1,000 Hz or more than 40 dB at 4,000 Hz and 15 dB and less of pure tone average(PTA: (500 Hz+1,000 Hz+2,000 Hz)/3) in group II, more than 30 dB at 1,000 Hz or more than 40 dB at 4, 000 Hz and over 15 dB of PTA in group III.
RESULTS
Serum magnesium concentrations were 2. 42+/-0. 26 nc/dt in group I, 2. 35+/-0.23 mg(dl in group II, 2.26+/-0.24 ne/dl in group III, respectively and significantly different between group I and group III (p<0. 01). It was negatively correlated with duration of the noise exposure as correlation coefficient(r) of -0.194 (p<0.05). Analysis of the multiple regression on hearing threshold levels showed that serum magnesium, diastolic blood pressure, duration of the noise exposure were statistically significant at 4,000 Hz(p<0.05). While only age was statistically significant at 1,000 Hz(p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that chronic noise exposure may induces decrease in serum magnesium concentrations and that its decreased concentration is related with noise induced hearing loss.

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Incidence and Risk Factors for Occupational Low Back Pain Among Shipyard Workers: Sang Baek Koh, Hyong Sik Kim, Hong Ryul Choi, Ji Hee Kim, In Hyok Song, Jun Han Park, Jong Ku Park, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Seok Cha; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):1-11. Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.1

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OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to estimate the incidence rate, and to identify the risk factors for the occupational low back pain among shipyard workers.
METHODS
The study subjects consisted of 9,784 workers who were employed in a ship-building industry(excluded workers who had a history of low pack pain before 1995 or did not take periodic health examination in 1995). The cases were 220 people who experienced back pain from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1998. To assess risk factors for occupational low back pain, Cox propotional hazard model was used.
RESULTS
During the recent three years from 1996 to 1998, the incidence rate per 1,000 persons was 7. 8 in 1996, 8. 8 in 1997, and 3. 1 in 1998. The main causes of work-related low back pain were sprain, strain and disc herniation. Lifting was the most common cause of back pain(35. 3%), and carrying(10.2%) and pulling(8.0%) were followed. In Cox proportional harzard model, independent risk factors for back pain were body mass index(R.R.; 1.54, 959o C.I.: 1.06-2.25), shift work(R.R.; 1.65, 95% C.I.: 1.19-2.28), and lifting heavy material(R.R. ; 3.95, 95% C.I: 2.29-6.82).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that the risk factors of back pain in shipyard workers were body mass index, shift work and lifting.

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