Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Sang Baek Ko

6 Articles

Opinion

Perspectives from the new president of the Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine: future strategies for occupational and environmental medicine: Sang Baek Ko; Ann Occup Environ Med 2025;37:e1. Published online February 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2025.37.e1

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF: Modern Korean society is experiencing fundamental transformations in industrial structures and working environments driven by complex factors, including demographic shifts, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, and digital transformation. The evolving dynamics between the manufacturing and service industries, the emergence of technology-driven sectors, and the proliferation of new occupational categories are reshaping traditional employment models. This has directed the labor market toward nonstandard employment forms, including temporary, contract-based, and platform labor. Consequently, issues such as employment instability and reduced accessibility to workplace health programs, including occupational safety training, health examinations, and workplace health management, have become increasingly prominent. Although occupational and environmental medicine has subsequently gained significance, the current occupational health and safety framework inadequately addresses the nuances of emerging labor forms. Legal gaps persist, leaving vulnerable groups such as nonregular workers, platform laborers, and older workers insufficiently protected under existing systems. Furthermore, systemic issues are evident in the inadequate follow-up care during occupational health examinations, lacking continued adherence to hazard-centric approaches, and insufficient attention to chronic diseases and mental health challenges. This study proposes strategies that occupational and environmental medicine can address these issues. First, legal and institutional reforms must encompass new labor forms, accompanied by modernized safety and health guidelines. Second, state-of-the-art technologies should be leveraged to enhance predictive disease management and personalized healthcare for workers. Third, a preventive approach integrating chronic disease management, mental healthcare, and psychosocial risk factors must be established. Fourth, fostering interdisciplinary research collaboration across medicine, engineering, and psychology is essential for developing practical solutions to emerging challenges. In conclusion, occupational and environmental medicine in Korea must adapt to effectively address the evolving labor landscape. Through systematic innovation, integrated health-management approaches, technological advancements, and interdisciplinary cooperation, the health and safety of all workers in the rapidly changing world can be ensured.; 대한직업환경의학회 신임회장의 제언: 직업환경의학의 미래 전략
현대 한국 사회는 인구구조 변화, 4차 산업혁명, 팬데믹, 디지털 전환 등 복합적인 요인에 의해 산업 구조와 근로 환경에서 근본적인 변화를 경험하고 있다. 제조업과 서비스업 간의 역학 변화, 기술 중심 산업의 부상, 새로운 직업군의 확산은 전통적인 고용 모델을 재편하고 있다. 이에 따라 노동 시장은 비정규직, 계약직, 플랫폼 노동과 같은 비표준 고용 형태로 이동하고 있다. 그 결과, 고용 불안정과 직업 안전 교육, 건강검진, 작업장 건강관리 등 직업 건강 프로그램에 대한 접근성 저하 문제가 점점 더 부각되고 있다.
이러한 변화로 직업환경의학의 중요성이 증대되었으나, 현재의 직업 건강 및 안전 체계는 새로운 노동 형태의 특성을 충분히 반영하지 못하고 있다. 법적 공백이 여전히 존재하며, 비정규직 근로자, 플랫폼 노동자, 고령 노동자 등 취약 계층은 기존 제도 아래에서 충분히 보호받지 못하고 있다. 또한, 건강검진 후 사후관리의 미비, 유해 요인 중심 접근의 지속적 적용 부족, 만성 질환 및 정신 건강 문제에 대한 관심 부족 등 체계적 문제가 드러나고 있다.
본 연구는 직업환경의학이 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 전략을 제안한다. 첫째, 새로운 노동 형태를 포괄하는 법적·제도적 개혁과 현대화된 안전 및 건강 지침의 도입이 필요하다. 둘째, 최첨단 기술을 활용하여 예측적 질병 관리와 근로자 맞춤형 건강관리를 강화해야 한다. 셋째, 만성 질환 관리, 정신 건강 관리, 심리사회적 위험 요인을 통합하는 예방적 접근을 확립해야 한다. 넷째, 의학, 공학, 심리학 등 학제 간 연구 협력을 통해 새로운 과제에 대한 실질적 해결책을 모색해야 한다. 결론적으로, 한국의 직업환경의학은 변화하는 노동 환경에 효과적으로 대응하기 위해 적응해야 한다. 체계적 혁신, 통합적 건강 관리 접근법, 기술적 발전, 학제 간 협력을 통해 빠르게 변화하는 세계에서 모든 근로자의 건강과 안전을 보장할 수 있을 것이다.

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Research Article

Pesticide metabolite and oxidative stress in male farmers exposed to pesticide: Kang Myoung Lee, Sang-Yoo Park, Kyungsuk Lee, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang Baek Ko; Ann Occup Environ Med 2017;29:5. Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-017-0162-3

Abstract PDF

Background

The objective of this study was to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) and isoprostane which has been used as an index of lipid injury, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which has been used as an index of DNA damage, and dialkyl-phosphate (DAP), which has been used to quantify pesticide exposure, and to investigate the relationship between pesticide exposure and oxidative stress.

Methods

This study was a cross-sectional study that evaluated 84 male farmers exposure to pesticide. In this study, 8-OHdG, isoprostane, and MDA were measured as oxidative stress indices, and dialkyl-phosphate (dimethylphosphate(DMP), diethylphosphate(DEP), dimethylthiophosphate(DMTP), and diethylthiophosphate (DETP)) excreted in the urine was also measured to evaluate pesticide exposure. A linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between pesticide metabolites, and oxidative stress biomarkers.

Results

A Correlation analysis was performed for pesticide exposure month (PEI), cumulative exposure index (CEI), and DAP as well as the concentration of the oxidative stress biomarkers. The PEM significantly and positively correlated to the levels of 8-OHdG, isoprostane, CEI, and DMP. CEI showed a correlation to 8-OHdG and PEM. DMP, DEP, and DETP showed a positive correlation to 8-OHdG, isoprostane, and MDA. A correlation analysis was adjusted some demographic characteristics, such as age, smoking, drinking, and exercise to determine the relationship between pesticide exposure and oxidative stress. The 8-OHdG, isoprostane, and MDA levels were significantly related to the DMP (ß = 0.320), DEP (ß = 0.390), and DETP (ß = 0.082); DMP (ß = 0.396), DEP (ß = 0.508), and DETP (ß = 0.504); and DMP (ß = 0.432), DEP (ß = 0.508), and DETP (ß = 0.329) levels, respectively.

Conclusions

The concentration between oxidative stress biomarkers and the pesticide metabolite were a positive correlation. Indicators of oxidative stress was associated with a pesticide metabolite DMP, DEP, and DETP. Therefore, Pesticide exposure and oxidative stress were relevant.

Citations

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Research Article

The Relationship between Injury and Socioeconomic Status in Reference to the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Sung-Kyung Kim, Hyocher Kim, Kyungsuk Lee, Hee-Tae Kang, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang Baek Ko; Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:1. Published online January 3, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-1

Abstract PDF

Objectives

This study aims to investigate the relationship between the total injury experience rate and socioeconomic status based on the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).

Methods

By analyzing data from the fourth KNHANES conducted from 2007 to 2009, we estimated the injury experience rate according to socioeconomic status, including the occupational characteristics of 11,837 subjects. Setting the injury experience rate as a dependent variable and socioeconomic status as an independent variable, we performed logistic regression to calculate odds ratios reflecting the likelihood of injury according to socioeconomic status while controlling for relevant covariates.

Results

In 797 subjects who had injury experience over the past 1 year, 290 persons (36.4%) had a work-related injury. As their income, home value, and educational status increased, their injury experiences decreased. Among occupational groups, the craft, equipment, machine operating, and assembling workers showed the highest rate (10.6%) of injury experience, and the lowest rate (5.7%) was found in the unemployed group. After adjusting for the confounding variables, the experience of injury was significantly related to several socioeconomic factors: high income (OR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.34-0.86), high home value (OR = 0.65; 95% CI: 0.43-0.96), low education status (OR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.07-1.52), and specific occupations such as craft, equipment, machine operating, and assembling work (OR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.60-2.47), skilled agriculture, forestry and fishery work (OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.02-2.01), and simple labor (OR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.04-1.82).

Conclusions

The injury experience rate differed depending on the socioeconomic status. A negative correlation was found between the injury experience rate and income, low home value, and education level. Moreover, a higher rate of injury experience was found in occupation groups and physical worker groups in comparison to the unemployed group and white-collar worker groups. This study would be useful in selecting appropriate priorities for injury management in Korea.

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Editorial

The Launch of Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine: Sang Baek Ko; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:1. Published online May 21, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-1

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Research Article

The Relationship between Waist Circumference and Work-related Injury in Reference to the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Sung-Kyung Kim, Ji-Min Son, Jae-Young So, Hyocher Kim, Kyungsuk Lee, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang Baek Ko; Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:29. Published online November 1, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-29

Abstract PDF

Objective

This study aims to investigate the relationship between waist circumference and work-related injury in reference to the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Methods

By analyzing data from the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2007 to 2009, we estimated the rate of injury experience according to socioeconomic status, including occupational property, of 8,261 subjects. We performed logistic regression analysis with work-related injury experience rate as dependent variable and waist circumference as an independent variable, Odds ratios (OR) were calculated, which reflect the likelihood of work-related injury experience rate, and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) while controlling for relevant covariates with stratifying by sex, age, nature of injury, site of injury and occupational group.

Results

Among 797 persons who had injury experience over the past 1 year, 293 persons (36.8%) had work-related injury experience. After adjusting the confounding variables, the work-related injury was related to abnormal waist circumference (OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.02 ~ 1.78). In subgroups, ORs were higher in men (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.02 ~ 1.98), professional, manager, and administrator (OR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.10 ~ 5.28). Higher rate of injuries were noted in back and waist (OR = 2.92; 95% CI: 1.49 ~ 5.73), and transport accident had increased risk (OR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.13 ~ 2.28).

Conclusions

Work-related injury rate differed depending on the waist circumference. The abdominal obesity was associated with higher risk of work-related injury. This study would be useful in selecting appropriate priorities for work-related injury management in Korea.

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Work–life prevalence of self-reported occupational injuries in mothers of a birth cohort
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Original Article

A Study on the Relationship between Subjective Symptoms and Psychosocial Well-being Status of VDT Operators: Bong Suk Cha, Sang Baek Ko, Sei Jin Chang, Chang Sik Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(3):403-413. Published online December 31, 1996; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.3.403

Abstract PDF

This study was undertaken to identify the relationship between the subjective symptoms and the psychosocial well-being status of VDT operators. The study subjects of this study were 89 female telephone operators in Korea Telecom. The mean age of study subjects was 37.7 (s.d.; 3.1), and 91% of them were the married and 9% were the single. The mean values of psychosocial well-being status by general characteristics were not statistically significant. Of the 89 operators, 98.9% felt musculoskeletal subjective symptoms in shoulder, 91.2% in neck, 89.9% in hand, 89.9% in lowback, 88.9% in arm, 87.8% in back, and 85.6% in leg, respectively. The mean scores of the psychosocial well-being status by three categories of subjective symptoms were significant in shoulder, neck, arm, hand, and leg, but were not significant in back and lowback. Correlations between the subjective symptoms and the psychosocial well-being status were significant in discomfort scale, leg, arm, neck, shoulder, lowback, and hand, but were not significant in back. Multiple regression analysis were used to determine whether the independent variables (age, discomfort, and subjective symptoms) contributed to explaining the psychosocial well-being status. Discomfort and the subjective symptoms in leg were a correlate of the psychosocial well-being status.

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