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Effects of Toluene, Xylene and Trichloroethylene on the Regulation of GnRH, GnRH Receptor and Pit-1 Gene Expression in Male Rat Hypothalamus and Pituitary
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Dae Hwan Kim, Hun Lee, Chae Kwan Lee, Dae Sung Kang, Jung Ho Kim, Jong Tae Lee, Jin Ho Chun, Chae Un Lee, No Suk Ki
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Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998;10(2):267-281. Published online May 31, 1998
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1998.10.2.267
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- The workplace exposure of chemicals has steadily increased, therefore the concern for subsequent effect on reproductive outcome has been an important issue in occupational medicine. In previous studies, higher rates of spontaneous abortion, reduced fertility and menstrual disorder among women, and an impairment of sperm quantity and quality among men have been associated with a wide variety of chemical agents. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of toluene, xylene and trichloroethylene (TCE) injection on the mRNA levels of GnRH, GnRH receptor and Pit-1 genes in male rats hypothalamus and pituitary and the effects on the plasma levels of FSH, LH, prolactin and testosterone. Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into five groups of five each according to concentration of toluene, xylene and TCE. The rats were injected subcutaneously to 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg body weight/day of toluene, xylene and TCE, respectively for 6 days. Rat brains were excised and hypothalamus and pituitary were separated. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RNase protection assay (RPA) were used to evaluate the GnRH, GnRH receptor and Pit-1 mRNA levels. Plasma concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin and testosterone were assayed by radioimulunoassay (RIA). The results were as follows; 1. GnRH, GnRH receptor and Pit-1 mRNA levels in toluene and xylene injected groups, and GnRH receptor mRNA levels in TCE injected group were lowered dose-dependently. Especially, GnRH receptor and Pit-1 mRNA levels in 200 mg/kg of toluene injected group, and GnRH, GnRH receptor and Pit-1 mRNA levels in 400 mg/kg of toluene injected group were significantly lowed than control group (p<0.05). GnRH receptor and Pit-1 mRNA levels in 400 mg/kg of xylene injected group, and GnRH receptor mRNA levels in 400 mg/kg of TCE injected group were significantly lower than control group (p<0.05). 2. The plasma levels of prolactin and testosterone in 400 mg/kg of toluene injected group, and LH in 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of xylene injected group, and testosterone in 400 mg/kg of TCE injected group were significantly lower than control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, we speculated that toluene and xylene affected reproductive system secondarily through hypothalamus-pituitary axis, and TCE affected directly through steroidogenesis. And we recomended that further study for assessment of the reproductive toxiclty of mixed organic solvent exposures should be conducted.
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Effect of Mercury Chloride on Peritoneal Macrophage or EMT-6 cell from Balb/c mice
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Dai Ha Koh, Jung Ho Youm, No Suk Ki, Gyung Jae Oh, Kuen Sang Kwon, Sung Yeup Kim, Nam Song Kim
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Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(2):201-209. Published online September 30, 1996
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.2.201
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- The effect of treatment of mercury chloride on the nitrite and nitrate synthesis was observed in peritoneal macrophages from Balb/c mice and EMT-6 cells in vitro. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with cytokines. Amounts of nitrite and nitrate in the culture media after 24 and 36 hours of culture were about 2-fold, and 3-fold of those measured after 12 hours respectively. There were very close associations between the amounts of nitrite and nitrate measured in the culture media, according to culture time. The survival rate of peritoneal macrophages was significantly decreased by mercury chloride added into the media in dose-dependent manner, however the survivals of EMT-6 cells were not influenced by mercury chloride concentration in media. Nitrite and nitrate syntheses were dose-dependently decreased by mercury chloride added in culture media. These results reported here suggest that the disorder of cell mediated immunity by mercurials could be related to the inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis which seems to be caused by the inhibition of metabolism of cells.
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A Study on Working Environment and Health Status of Workers in Some Dyeing Factories
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No Suk Ki, Chung Ja Ahn, Dai Ha Koh, Jung Sang Lee, Yoo Yong Lee, Jae Hyung Lee, Jung Ho Youm, Yong Il Shin
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Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1994;6(1):3-16. Published online February 28, 1994
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1994.6.1.3
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- This study was carried out to evaluated the actual conditions of working environment and health status of workers and search more effective health management method of workers in some dyeing factories. This study was conducted from April 1 to October 30, 1992, for 426 workers in two dyeing factories and an electric wire making factories.
Among 324 workers in two dyeing factories, 57.5% were male and 42.5% were female. Most of the engaged workers had less than 2 years of working carrier and aged 30 years or below. The used chemical substances exceeding 1 ton per a month were sodium hydroxide(NaOH), hydrogen peroxide(H2O2), sodium chlorite(NaClO2), sodium sulfate(Ma2SO4), sodium carbonate(Na2CO3), and sodium hydrosulfite(Na2S2O4). The used chemical dyes exceeding 100kg per a month were suncion blue H-ERD, levafix brilliant red E-4BA, suncion yellow E-3G, and remazol black B. As the allowable exposure time by governmental threshold limit valuses to industrial noise levels in 90 dBA for 8 hours. Average noise levels of the individual plants were ranged from 75 to 95 dB (A). The TLV for total cotton dust in 2.0mg/m3. Average cotton-dust concentration in these working environmental air were ranging from 0.2-1.3mg/m3. The TLV chlorine, acetic acid and formic acid are 1 ppm, 10 ppm & 5ppm, respectively. The range of chlorine, and acetic and formic acid concentration in these working environmental air were detected 0.2-1.6 ppm and at trace level. The accident by chemical substances and dyes was not found on these working environment.
From the physical examination and Todai Health Index scores results, there was no significant correlation between the used chemical substances and the diseases, such as bronchial asthma, other hyperreactive respiratory diseases and contact dermatitis. It was suggested that long term survey should be performed to detect the occupational health problem on these working environment.
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Effects of Nickel Compounds on Sister Chromatid Exchanges and Chromosome Aberrations in Human Cultured Lymphocytes
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In Dam Hwang, No Suk Ki, Jeong Sang Lee, Sang Kyu Lee
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Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1989;1(1):46-51. Published online February 28, 1989
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1989.1.1.46
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- Nickel is a carcinogen in nickel refinery workers. Few chromosome studies have been performed on nickel toxicity. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate cytogenetic toxicity of nickel in human cultured lymphocytes by chromosome aberration, and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) which is a sensitive indicator of carcinogen and mutagen. The results indicate that nickel chloride and nickel sulfate led to a increase in SCE frequencies very significantly, although absolute value of SCE was low. In chromosome aberration, chromosome gap was increased to increment of concentration while chromosome break was not.
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