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Bong Suk Cha 32 Articles
The Relationship of Physical and Psychosocial Risk Factors to Work-related Musculoskeletal Upper Extremity Symptoms amongst Male Automobile Manufacturing Workers
Ki Hyun Lee, Jin Ha Yoon, Sung Kyung Kim, In Jung Cho, Sung Soo Oh, Sung Hoon Kim, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha, Sang Baek Koh
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(1):72-85.   Published online March 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.1.72
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of physical and psychosocial risk factors to work-related musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms amongst automobile manufacturing workers.
METHODS
The cross-sectional study was conducted using male automobile manufacturing workers in order to examine the relationship of physical and psychosocial risk factors to work-related musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms. A total of 1,793 male workers were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of questions regarding general characteristics, health related behaviors, work-related characteristics, job stress, ergonomic risk factors, and the presence of musculoskeletal symptoms (neck, shoulder, arm, and hand). Work-related musculoskeletal symptoms were evaluated using the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) surveillance criteria. In order to measure the physical risk factors, the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) Z-365 Quick checklist was incorporated into the questionnaire. Job stressors were measured using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS). A binary logistic regression analysis was performed that examined the relationship of physical and psychosocial risk factors to musculoskeletal symptoms.
RESULTS
The result showed that the physical and psychosocial risk factors were associated with musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms. The workers with high physical risk factors reported more musculoskeletal symptoms than those having low physical risk factors (OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.56~3.62). The workers with high job stress were more likely to have an increased risk of musculoskeletal upper extremity symptom compared to those with normal job stress (OR: 2.65, 95% CI: 2.03~3.47). A significant relationship between the combined effects of physical and psychosocial risk factors on musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms was also found. The workers exposed to high physical risk factors, high job stress, and long working hours were more likely to report musculoskeletal symptoms than those having low physical risk factors, normal job stress and moderate working hours(OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.56~3.62).
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that some physical and psychosocial risk factors increase the risk of work-related musculoskeletal upper extremity symptoms amongst automobile manufacturing workers. In order to prevent or reduce musculoskeletal disorders amongst automobile manufacturing workers, it is strongly recommended to manage the physical psychosocial risks occurring in the workplace.

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  • The moderating effect of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in relation to occupational stress and health-related quality of life of construction workers: a cross-sectional research
    Soo Jeong, Byoung-Hee Lee
    BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Prevalence and Risk Factors of Work-Related Upper Extremity Disorders among University Teaching Staff in Ethiopia, 2021: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study
    Amensisa Hailu Tesfaye, Tesfaye Hambisa Mekonnen, Mekuriaw Alemayehu, Giziew Abere, Redha Taiar
    Pain Research and Management.2022; 2022: 1.     CrossRef
  • Effect of an Active Tailored Exercise Program on Pain and Oswestry Disability Index in Automobile Manufacturing Workers with Musculoskeletal Symptoms of the Low Back
    Won-Ho Kim
    Journal of The Korean Society of Physical Medicine.2019; 14(3): 109.     CrossRef
  • Characteristics of Muscle Strength and Posture among Automobile Parts Manufacturing Workers and the Necessity of the Musculoskeletal Injury Prevention Program
    Il-Ho Kwon, Won-Seob Shin
    Journal of The Korean Society of Physical Medicine.2019; 14(4): 173.     CrossRef
  • Factors Influencing Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Military Personnel during Basic Combat Training
    Jeong Min Yi, Gwang Suk Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2016; 46(4): 523.     CrossRef
  • Associations between Job Stress and Work-related Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Street Sanitation Workers
    Hye-Jin Kim, Kyung-Ja June, Gyeyoung Shin, Jina Choo
    Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(3): 314.     CrossRef
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Suicide Trend of Standardized Mortality Ratio and Age Standardized Proportion Mortality Ratio According to Occupational Groups in Korea: 1993-2007
Jin Ha Yoon, Ki Hyun Lee, Kyu Yeon Hahn, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha, Seong Ho Min, Kyung Suk Lee, Hye Seon Chae, Aeyong Eom, Sang Baek Koh
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(2):173-182.   Published online June 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.2.173
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
A number of studies on the trends of socioeconomic differences in suicide mortality have indicated that these inequality gaps have widened over time and highlight that certain occupations have more suicide risk than others. However suicide rates according to occupation based socioeconomic position have not been frequently studied in Korea. The purpose of this study is to report trends and inequality of suicide according to occupation based social class during 1993-2007 in Korea and to identify occupations with significantly high standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) for both men and women.
METHODS
Korean census records for the years 1995, 2000, and 2005 were linked with the cause of death records from Korean National Statistical Office (KNSO) for the periods 1993-1997, 1998-2003, and 2004-2007 respectively. This data was used to calculate age adjusted proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for both men and women aged 25~54 years according to five occupation based socioeconomic positions.
RESULTS
Among men, the agricultural-fishery-forestry group had the greatest suicide rate (SMR: 341) with a high PMR (113) and the manual labor group showed the highest PMR (118), while the managers-professional occupation group showed the lowest sPMR (78) and SMR (21). Among women, the agricultural-fishery group had the highest score in SMR (316) and PMR (130), and the technical-artificer group showed the lowest sPMR (71) and SMR (27). The inequality gaps in the suicide mortality rate according to occupation had widened during 1998-2002, but showed a recovery trend plot after 2003.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the occupation based socioeconomic inequalities show a recovery trend after 2003, the excess inequality from suicide remains as high as it was prior to the 2002 year in some occupational groups. The results of the current study indicate that the manual and agricultural-fishery-forestry groups were high risk groups of suicide.

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  • Health and Mortality in Korean Healthcare Workers
    Yoonhee Shin, Ui Jeong Kim, Hye Ah Lee, Eun Jeong Choi, Hyun Jin Park, Hyeong Sik Ahn, Hyesook Park
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Suicide Trends over Time by Occupation in Korea and Their Relationship to Economic Downturns
    Jin-Ha Yoon, Sun Jae Jung, Jaesung Choi, Mo-Yeol Kang
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(11): 2007.     CrossRef
  • Suppressing emotion and engaging with complaining customers at work related to experience of depression and anxiety symptoms: a nationwide cross-sectional study
    Jin-Ha YOON, Mo-Yeol KANG, Dayee JEUNG, Sei-Jin CHANG
    INDUSTRIAL HEALTH.2017; 55(3): 265.     CrossRef
  • Does High Emotional Demand with Low Job Control Relate to Suicidal Ideation among Service and Sales Workers in Korea?
    Jin-Ha Yoon, Dayee Jeung, Sei-Jin Chang
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2016; 31(7): 1042.     CrossRef
  • Oral Health and Occupational Status among Korean Adults
    Bo-Mi Shin, Soo-Myoung Bae, Sang-Hee Yoo, Sun-Jung Shin
    Journal of dental hygiene science.2016; 16(3): 225.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between Long Working Hours and Suicidal Thoughts: Nationwide Data from the 4th and 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Jin-Ha Yoon, Pil Kyun Jung, Jaehoon Roh, Hongdeok Seok, Jong-Uk Won, Kenji Hashimoto
    PLOS ONE.2015; 10(6): e0129142.     CrossRef
  • The association between concealing emotions at work and medical utilization in Korea
    Hongdeok Seok, Jin-Ha Yoon, Wanhyung Lee, June-Hee Lee, Pil Kyun Jung, Inah Kim, Jong-Uk Won, Jaehoon Roh
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2014;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Suicide rates among working-age adults in South Korea before and after the 2008 economic crisis
    Chee Hon Chan, Eric D Caine, Sungeun You, King Wa Fu, Shu Sen Chang, Paul Siu Fai Yip
    Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.2014; 68(3): 246.     CrossRef
  • Investigating the Time Lag Effect between Economic Recession and Suicide Rates in Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry Workers in Korea
    Jin-Ha Yoon, Washington Junger, Boo-Wook Kim, Young-Joo Kim, Sang-Baek Koh
    Safety and Health at Work.2012; 3(4): 294.     CrossRef
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Job Stress and Self-perceived Fatigue in Korean Farmers
Ki Hyun Lee, Sang Baek Koh, Dongmug Kang, Jin Joo Chung, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, In Ah Kim, Kyung Suk Lee, Sook Jung Hyun, Kang Myoung Lee, Jin Ha Yoon, Sung Kyung Kim, In Jung Cho, Jung Kyu Choi, Sung Soo Oh, Bong Suk Cha, Sei Jin Chang
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(2):213-224.   Published online June 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.2.213
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
A growing body of research has documented that job stress has a pivotal role in developing adverse health outcomes. However, little is known about the relationship between farmers' job stress and health outcomes. This study was undertaken to identify the relationship between job stress and self-perceived fatigue in Korean farmers.
METHODS
A total of 526 Korean farmers were asked to participate in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the participants' general characteristics, job stress and self-perceived fatigue. Job stress was measured using a forty-eight item Farm Stressor Inventory (FSI), and the self-perceived fatigue was estimated by Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS). Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between job stress and self-perceived fatigue.
RESULTS
The result showed that job stress was associated with self-perceived fatigue. For the farmers with high job stress, the risk of self-perceived fatigue was more likely to increase compared to those with low job stress. For males, labor intensity (OR, 3.88; 95% CI, 1.91~7.89), job environment (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.22~4.93), social support (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.07~4.13), social isolation (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.15~5.60), financial problems (OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.53~6.91), uncertainty (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.30~4.75) and health problems (OR, 5.77; 95% CI, 2.46~13.53) were associated with self-perceived fatigue. For females, job environment (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.22~4.08), social isolation (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.05-4.15), physical environment & weather condition (OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.33~5.12), financial problems (OR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.55~5.32), uncertainty (OR, 3.65; 95% CI, 1.95~6.83) and health problems (OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 1.57~7.27) were associated with self-perceived fatigue.
CONCLUSIONS
This result suggests that farmers' job stress plays a role in the development of fatigue, and job stressors related to fatigue are slightly different according to gender.

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  • Association Between Ergonomic Burden Assessed Using 20-Item Agricultural Work-Related Ergonomic Risk Questionnaire and Shoulder, Low Back, and Leg Pain in Korean Farmers
    Sora Baek, Jintae Park, Eun Kyoung Kang, Gowun Kim, Hyocher Kim, Hee-Won Park
    Journal of Agromedicine.2023; 28(3): 532.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of Brain Stress in Response to Temperature Changes under Agricultural Work Using Electroencephalogram Measurement
    Seok-Joon Hwang, Ju-Seok Nam
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    Jung Shin Choi, Choi Yoon Ji, Chae Hye Sung, Kim Ga Hee
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    Moon-Hee Park, Ham-Gyum Kim, Hae-Kag Lee
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  • Farmers’ Cohort for Agricultural Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (FARM) Study: Study Design, Methods, and Baseline Characteristics of Enrolled Subjects
    Hannae Jo, Sora Baek, Hee-won Park, Sang-Ah Lee, Jiyoung Moon, Jae E. Yang, Ki Sung Kim, Jee Yong Kim, Eun Kyoung Kang
    Journal of Epidemiology.2016; 26(1): 50.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between Job Stress and Fatigue Symptoms among Manufacturing Male Workers
    Hu-Yeon Lee, Jong-Tae Baek, Young-Chae Cho
    Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(7): 543.     CrossRef
  • Examining the Relationship between Exercise and Psychological Stress among the Rural Population
    Jung-Woo Oh, Hyun-Jin Kwon, Sang-Hwa Lee, Jung-Jun Lim, Bo-Youl Choi, Mi-Kyung Kim, Yeon-Soo Kim
    The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine.2015; 33(2): 126.     CrossRef
  • The Effects of Job Characteristics on Smoking and Mediating Effects of Job Stress among Older Workers
    Sungeun Lee
    Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2014; 31(3): 51.     CrossRef
  • Work-related hazards among farmers
    Soon Chan Kwon, Soo-Jin Lee, Mihye Jeong
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2012; 55(11): 1046.     CrossRef
  • The Relation Between the Occupational Stress and Fatigue Level of Neonatal Nurses
    Eun-A Park, Jeong-Eon Park
    Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2011; 20(3): 261.     CrossRef
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The Relationship between Hospital Departments and Risk of Developing Tuberculosis among Nurses Working at a University Hospitalin Korea: Retrospective Cohort Study
Jin Ha Yoon, Sung Soo Oh, Ki Hyun Lee, Sung Kyung Kim, Je Ho Oh, Chung Se Won, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha, Ae Yong Eom, Sang Baek Koh
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2011;23(1):64-70.   Published online March 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2011.23.1.64
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the occurring characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) among nurses working at a university hospital in Korea.
METHODS
A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records from a university hospital. A total of 351 nurses without any pulmonary disease were enrolled during 2000~2007, and were followed up until October 2010. To compare with the incidence of TB between occupational subgroups, workplaces were divided into high and low TB-exposure risk departments. For statistical analysis, the relative risks for TB incidences between departments were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models and mean incidences were estimated with person-time years.
RESULTS
Seven cases of TB were observed during 2001 person-years. Five and two cases were observed in the high and low TB-exposure risk departments, respectively. The relative risk of TB infection in the high TB-exposure risk departments were 6.52 (95% CI, 1.26~33.60) compared to that in the low TB-exposure risk department. The mean incidence of TB in the total nurses was 0.350% per person-year.
CONCLUSIONS
According to the concept of occupational and environmental medicine, high TB-exposure risk departments were more likely to be at increased risk of tuberculosis.

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The Effect of a Stretching Exercise on Myofascial Pain Syndrome Patients in Small and Medium Sized Industries
Jung Wook Lim, Young Jun Kwon, Tae Won Jang, Jong Heon Lee, In Seok Kim, Sang Cheol Ryu, Jae Hoon Roh, Jong Uk Won, Bong Suk Cha, Chul Ho Lee
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(4):307-315.   Published online December 31, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.4.307
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to identify the effect of a stretching exercise on myofascial pain syndrome patients that work in small and medium-sized industry.
METHODS
Questionnaires surveys including general characteristics, work-related characteristics, and musculoskeletal symptoms on neck and shoulder area was administered to 393 subjects who worked in small and medium sized industries. Symptomatic workers were examined to identify whether they had myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Of the 393 subjects, 108 MPS patients performed 6 weeks stretching exercise program. Intensity of pain was estimated with visual analogue scales (VAS). All patients were interviewed to estimate their compliance to stretching exercise program.
RESULTS
Of the 393 workers, 119 workers were diagnosed with MPS of the neck and shoulder. Post-exercise VAS was significantly reduced compared to pre-exercise VAS (p<0.05). High compliance patients to stretching exercise were more effective to exercise therapy (OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.19~7.04), and overtime workers were less effective to exercise therapy (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.17~0.95).
CONCLUSION
The Stretching exercise program was identified to be effective in MPS patients in small and medium-sized industries. It is recommended that workers with MPS in small and medium-sized industries practice a well-designed stretching exercise program, and avoid overtime work.

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  • The Effects of Stabilization Exercise and Stretching Exercise on Muscle Strength and Pain of Patients with Lower Back Pain
    Kwang-Il Kwag, Jae-Heon Lim
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The Association of Occupational Stress with Self-perceived Fatigue in White Collar Employees
Kyoung Tae Cha, Il Whoi Kim, Sang Baek Koh, Sook Jung Hyun, Jun Ho Park, Jong Ku Park, Bong Suk Cha, Sei Jin Chang
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(3):182-192.   Published online September 30, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.3.182
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
& OBJECTIVES: A growing body of research has documented that occupational stress is closely associated with increased risk of fatigue. This study was conducted in an effort to assess the relationship of occupational stress to self-perceived fatigue among Korean white collar employees.
METHODS
Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project, 2002-2004). Among them, a total of 4,502 white collar employees were recruited. A structured questionnaire was employed to evaluate the participants' sociodemographics, job-related factors, health-related behaviors, occupational stress, and self-perceived fatigue. Occupational stress and self-perceived fatigue were assessed using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short form (KOSS-SF) and the Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS), respectively.
RESULTS
In logistic regression analyses, occupational stress was associated with an increased risk of fatigue, and some domains of occupational stress had different effects on fatigue by gender (job demand, job insecurity, and lack of reward for men, job demand, lack of reward, and discomfort in occupational climate for women), which indicates that occupational stress may perform a slightly different role in increasing the risk of fatigue by gender.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study suggest that occupational stress is a determinant predictor of selfperceived fatigue. Thus, a stress management program for the reduction of occupational stress, and the promotion of white collar worker's health and quality of life is strongly recommended. Some limitations of this study and considerations for future studies were also discussed.

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The Association among Exposure of Bisphenol A, Genetic Polymorphism of Metabolic Enzyme and Urinary Metabolite
Sang Baek Koh, Jun Ho Park, Su Song Yun, Sung Su Oh, Sei Jin Chang, Sun Haeng Choi, Bong Suk Cha
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(2):112-118.   Published online June 30, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.2.112
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
To examine bisphenol A (BPA) exposure with subjects in the manufacturing industry and to determine its correlation with metabolites according to genetic polymorphism of metabolic enzymes.
METHODS
The study subjects comprised 104 workers in the manufacturing industry, 64 and 40 in the exposed and control groups, respectively. The questionnaire variablesincluded age, use of protective equipment, smoking habit and alcohol intake. Their urine samples were collected in the afternoon and urinary BPA concentration was measured by revising with the urinary creatinine concentration. The genetic polymorphism of the metabolic enzymes was examined by using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) after extracting DNA from leucocytes.
RESULTS
The minimum and maximum BPA level of the exposed group during working time was 34.22 and 221.20 ng/mg, respectively. The urinary BPA concentration was significantly higher in the exposed groups than in the control group. There was no significant difference in the urinary BPA level according to genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1 and CYP2E1, but UGT1A6 showed a significant difference. In multiple regression analysis on the urinary and airborne BPA levels, UGT1A6, use of protective equipments and workplaces were significant variables.
CONCLUSIONS
The urinary BPA concentration was affected by the levels to which workers were exposed during their working time and was considered to be metabolized by UGT1A6.

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    Seon‐Kyung Park, Heon‐Jun Lee, Eugene Song, Yerin Jung, Hyun Jung Yoo, Jeong‐Eun Oh, Hyeong‐Moo Shin, Jung‐Hwan Kwon
    Indoor Air.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Seokwon Lee, Ryoung Me Ahn, Jae Hyoun Kim, Yoon-Deok Han, Jin Heon Lee, Bu-Soon Son, Kyoungho Lee
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(14): 2583.     CrossRef
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Occupational Stress in Relation to Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Disease: Longitudinal Analysis from the NSDSOS Project
Chang Kook Hwang, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang, Chong Yon Park, Bong Suk Cha, Sook Jung Hyun, Jun Ho Park, Kang Myoung Lee, Kyoung Tae Cha, Woo Jin Park, Hyung Joon Jhun
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007;19(2):105-114.   Published online June 30, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2007.19.2.105
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This prospective study was performed to investigate the association between occupational stress and the development of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.
METHODS
A total of 8,429 employees were selected from a nationwide sample, proportional to both the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification. A structured self-reported questionnaire was used to access the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health behavior and work related characteristics. 43-items of the full version of Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) were used to access the participants occupational stress. New cases of hospitalization due to cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases were evaluated using medical utilization files received from the National Health Insurance Corporation for the period of March 2004 to December 2005. A logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between occupational stress and cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.
RESULTS
43 new cases of hospitalization due to cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases were found. According to the results of the logistic regression analysis, job stressors were related with circulatory diseases after adjustment for gender, age, number of workers, employment type, shift work, smoking, alcohol intake, and regular exercise. Of the 8 subscales, insufficient job control (Adj. RR 2.802; 95% CI 1.038-7.564) and occupational climate (Adj. RR 2.365; 95% CI 1.087~5.143) were significantly associated with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. However, no significant relationships were found between the 6 KOSS subscales and cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the short-term follow-up of about two years, the KOSS subscales of insufficient job control and occupational climate were significantly associated with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases.

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Urinary Excretion of Thiodiglycolic Acid According to Sampling Time in Workers Exposed to Vinyl Chloride Monomer
Hyun Soo Kim, Chi Nyon Kim, Jong Uk Won, Bong Suk Cha, Kyung Jong Lee, Jaehoon Roh
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(2):138-145.   Published online June 30, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.2.138
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The study was performed to investigate the changes of urinary thiodiglycolic acid (TDGA) concentration in workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) according to the time of sampling urine.
METHODS
The personal exposure to airborne VCM was assessed and urinary TDGA concentration was sampled in 31 workers employed in a VCM and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacturing factory. Urinary TDGA was sampled three times: before the start of the shift after 3 days off (TDGA1), after the end of the first-day shift (TDGA2) and before starting the following day shift after completing the oneday shift (TDGA3). Urinary TDGA in 30 workers who had not been exposed to airborne VCM was sampled after the end of the shift. A gas chromatography/pulsed flame photometric detector (GC/PFPD) was utilized to analyze TDGA concentration in urine after the urine was methylated with trimethylsilyldiazomethane(2.0M in diethyl ether).
RESULTS
The creatinine level was 0.179+/-0.271 mg/g in the control workers and 0.218+/-0.443 mg/g in the workers before the start of the shift after 3 days off (TDGA1), showing no significant difference (p=0.7035). Urine samples were compared according to sampling time in order to investigate the change of urinary TDGA concentration in the case of continuous exposure to airborne VCM. In VCM-exposed workers, urinary creatinine concentration was 0.434+/-0.623 mg/g in TDGA2 and 0.767+/-1.056 mg/g in TDGA3, which indicated a gradual but significant increase (p=0.024). In terms of the statistical correlation between airborne VCM and urinary TDGA to evaluate exposure dose per day, of the three urinary TDGA concentrations, TDGA3 showed the highest degree of regression (R(2)=0.4215) with 8h-TWA airborne VCM concentration.
CONCLUSION
Based on this result, the excretion half-life of urinary TDGA was assumed to be less than 3 days, because the concentration of urinary TDGA at 3 days after exposure to airborne VCM was decreased to the level of urinary TDGA concentration in the control workers. The concentration of urinary TDGA increased in the case of continuous shift, due to the accumulation of residual metabolites of TDGA. It was considered that TDGA3 can be applied as a useful biological index to evaluate the exposure dose of airborne VCM during one day because TDGA3 showed the highest correlation with the exposure dose of airborne VCM in the previous shift day.

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  • Assessment of urinary thiodiglycolic acid exposure in school-aged children in the vicinity of a petrochemical complex in central Taiwan
    Po-Chin Huang, Li-Hsuan Liu, Ruei-Hao Shie, Chih-Hsin Tsai, Wei-Yen Liang, Chih-Wen Wang, Cheng-Hsien Tsai, Hung-Che Chiang, Chang-Chuan Chan
    Environmental Research.2016; 150: 566.     CrossRef
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Fatigue as a Predictor of Medical Utilization, Occupational Accident and Sickness Absence
Sei Jin Chang, Sang Baek Koh, Dongmug Kang, Seong Ah Kim, Jin Joo Chung, Chul Gab Lee, Myung Geun Kang, Sook Jung Hyun, Jung Jin Cho, Bong Suk Cha, Jong Ku Park
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(4):318-332.   Published online December 31, 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.4.318
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study examined the relationship of fatigue to medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Subjects and METHODS: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project, 2002~2004). A total of 30,146 employees categorized within the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were recruited. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the participants' sociodemographics, job-related factors, health-related behaviors, personality trait, self-perceived fatigue (MFS) and the frequency of medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Data on medical utilization and occupational accident were confirmed from company health records. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to elucidate the relationship of self-perceived fatigue to medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence.
RESULTS
In logistic regression analyses, self-perceived fatigue was associated with medical utilization (outpatient), occupational accident and sickness absence although the strength of the associations was higher in the blue collar workers except for medical utilization. For medical utilization, the white collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of outpatient utilization for workers scoring in the third quartile and the highest quartile, compared to workers scoring in the lowest quartile were 1.50 (95% CI: 1.20-1.87) and 2.16 (95% CI: 1.69-2.75), respectively. The blue collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of outpatient utilization for workers scoring in the second (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.06-1.43), third (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.22- 1.66) and highest quartile (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.55-2.17), respectively, compared to workers scoring in the lowest quartile were statistically significant. However, no associations were found between fatigue and inpatient utilization for either the white or blue collar workers. The blue collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of being injured for workers scoring in the second, third and highest quartile were 1.41 (95% CI: 1.00-2.00), 1.57 (95% CI: 1.10-2.22) and 2.41 (95% CI: 1.69-3.44), respectively, compared to those scoring in the lowest quartile, but, those of the white collar workers were not significant. There was more likely to an increased risk of sickness absence in workers scoring in the second, third and highest quartile compared to those scoring in the lowest quartile in both white and blue collar workers, but the magnitudes of risk were higher in the blue collar workers than the white collars workers.
CONCLUSION
This result suggests that fatigue is a determinant predictor of medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence, and that the pattern of risks for the three outcomes differs according to the occupational type. Some limitations of this study and considerations for future study were also discussed.

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    Eun-Sook Shin
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Occupational Stress and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases
Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang, Jong Ku Park, Jun Ho Park, Dong Koog Son, Sook Jung Hyun, Bong Suk Cha
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2005;17(3):186-198.   Published online September 30, 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.3.186
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between occupational stress and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.
METHOD
The study subjects were 169 male workers aged over 40 who were employed in the shipbuilding industry. A self-reported questionnaire was used to assess the respondents' sociodemographics and occupational stress. Eight domains of occupational stress according to the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) were used. We included blood pressure, lipid level (total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol), coagulation factors, pulse wave velocity and heart rate variability as possible cardiovascular risk factors.
RESULT
In multiple regression analyses, job demand was associated with triglyceride level, pulse wave velocity and heart rate variability. Interpersonal conflict was related to total cholesterol. Job insecurity was related to heart rate variability. Organizational system was associated with blood pressure, total cholesterol, pulse wave velocity and heart rate variability. Lack of rewards was related to systolic blood pressure and pulse wave velocity.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that occupational stress is associated with cardiovascular risk factors.

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    Frontiers in Physiology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jae-Hong Shin, Jung-Youb Lee, Seon-Hee Yang, Mi-Young Lee, In-Sung Chung
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    Min Soo Ko, Yong Lee Jang, Jin Sook Choi, Hyun Bo Shim, Hee Jung Nam, Mee Suk Wang, In Deok Lee, Hae Woo Lee
    Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2016; 55(3): 271.     CrossRef
  • Moderating Effect of Stress Coping Strategies on the Relationship between a National Statistics Office Workers' Occupational Stress and Mental Health
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    Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2015; 54(4): 587.     CrossRef
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Relationship between Job Stress and Pulse Wave Velocity as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Jung Ok Kong, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha, Ho Keun Chung, Hong Ryul Choi, Kyung Hee Jung-Choi, Soon Ja Jeon
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(4):450-458.   Published online December 31, 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.4.450
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to elucidate the relationship between job stress and pulse wave velocity (PWV) as a cardiovascular risk factor.
METHOD
The study design was cross-sectional, and a total of 234 industrial workers were recruited. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the general characteristics and job characteristics (work demand, decision latitude) using a modified Karasek model. Cuffs were applied to the extremities and a microphone for phonocardiography was placed at the second intercostal space at the margin of the sternum. The subjects rested in a supine position for 5 min, and PWV was measured using a VP-1000(Colin Waveform analyzer).
RESULTS
There were significant correlations between blood pressure, glucose, total cholesterol, coagulation factor and PWV. The group with low decision latitude and high decision latitude showed higher levels of PWV, but the differences were not significan. The PWV (left) was significantly higher in the high strain group than in the lower strain group. After adjustment for age and cardiovascular risk factors, job strain was still associated with PWV.
CONCLUSION
These result suggest that the high strain group among workers is related to an increased risk of PWV as a marker of atherosclerosis.

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    Anna Hohneck, Christina Reyser, Rimma Usselmann, Lara Heinemann, Simone Weingaertner, Hardy Reckling, Gerhard Schumacher, Iris Burkholder, Kirsten Merx, Wolf-Karsten Hofmann, Ralf-Dieter Hofheinz
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    Integrative Medicine Research.2013; 2(1): 7.     CrossRef
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Job Stress, Heart Rate Variability and Metabolic Syndrome
Sei Jin Chang, Sang Baek Koh, Hong Ryul Choi, Jong Min Woo, Bong Suk Cha, Jong Ku Park, Yong Hee Chen, Ho Keun Chung
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(1):70-81.   Published online March 31, 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.1.70
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVE: A growing body of literature has documented that job stress is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, the pathophysiological mechanism of this association remains unclear. Therefore, we tried to elucidate the relationship between job stress, heart rate variability and metabolic syndrome.
METHOD
The study design was cross-sectional, and 169 industrial workers were recruited. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the general characteristics and job characteristics (work demand, decision latitude). Heart rate variability (HRV) was recorded using SA-2000 (medi-core). HRV was assessed by time-domain and by frequency-domain analyses. Time domain analysis was performed for SDNN (Standard Deviation of NN interval), and spectral analysis for low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF) and total frequency power. Metabolic syndrome was defined on the basis of clustering of risk factors, when three or more of the following cardiovascular risk factors were included in the fifth quintile: glucose, systolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol (bottom quintile), triglyceride and waist-hip ratio.
RESULTS
The results showed that job characteristics were not associated with cardiovascular risk factors. The high strain group had a less favorable cardiovascular risk profile with higher levels of blood pressure, glucose, homocysteine, and clotting factor than the lower strain group (low strain+passive+active group), but the difference was not statistically significant. The SDNN of HRV was significantly lower in the high strain group than in the low strain group. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the low strain, passive, active and high strain groups was 9.7%, 13.9%, 14.9% and 23.8%, respectively. In the high strain group, the metabolic syndrome was significantly related to a decreased SDNN. However, we could not find a significant association in LF/HF ratio.
CONCLUSION
This result suggests that decreased HRV does not play a role in the development of disease; however, it can induce cardiovascular abnormalities or dysfunctions related to the onset of heart disease among high risk groups.

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    Min Soo Ko, Yong Lee Jang, Jin Sook Choi, Hyun Bo Shim, Hee Jung Nam, Mee Suk Wang, In Deok Lee, Hae Woo Lee
    Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association.2016; 55(3): 271.     CrossRef
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Job Characteristics and Psychosocial Distress of Atypical Workers
Sang Baek Koh, Mia Son, Jung Ok Kong, Chul Gab Lee, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;16(1):103-113.   Published online March 31, 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2004.16.1.103
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to compare the job characteristics (work demand, decision latitude, and job insecurity) and psychosocial stress levels of typical workers in the parent firm, to those of atypical workers in subcontracted firms. In addition the risk factors for psychosocial stress of atypical workers are evaluated.
METHOD
The study design was cross-sectional, and 1,713 shipbuilding workers (681; typical workers, 1,032; atypical workers) were recruited. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the general characteristics, job characteristics and psychosocial stress levels. We used the chi-square test for univariate and multiple regression analyses.
RESULTS
In univariate analyses, there were significant differences in smoking, hobby, insufficient sleeping, work hours per week, quitting, unemployment, job demand, job decision latitude and job insecurity. The job strain was significantly higher in the atypical workers than in the typical workers. The proportion of iso-strain groups was significantly greater in the atypical workers than typical workers. Using psychosocial stress as the dependent variable, multiple regression models were estimated. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, unemployment, quitting, employment type, job demand, job decision latitude and job insecurity were all found to be significantly associated with psychosocial stress.
CONCLUSION
This result suggests that the psychosocial stress of atypical workers is related to job characteristics such as job insecurity and labor flexibility.

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    Ju Young Ryu, Yosoon Bang, Boyoung Son
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    Eun-Sook Shin
    Journal of the Korea Convergence Society.2016; 7(1): 57.     CrossRef
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    Hye Jin Lee, Do Young Lee
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    Soo Kyung Park, Min-Kyoung Rhee, Michàlle Mor Barak
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    Eun-Sook Shin, Young-Chae Cho
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    Hyun Jey Moon, Sang Hyun Lee, Hee Sung Lee, Kyung-Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim
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    Yunyoung Kim, Hye-Sun Hyun, Jong Hyang Yoo
    Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2015; 24(4): 372.     CrossRef
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    Ho-Jin Park, Sung-Kyeong Park, Young-Chae Cho
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    Youn Hee Roh, Jae Yoon Chang, Myung Un Kim, Suk Kyung Nam
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    An-Sook Park, Mi-Kyung Son, Young-Chae Cho
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    Kyoo-Sang Kim, Seung-Won Yoo, Yong-Lim Won, Mi-Young Lee
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    Hyun-Suk Yoon, Young-Chae Cho
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Job instability of Labor Market and Preplacement Health Examination: the Case of Hearing Loss
Sang Baek Koh, Kyoo Sang Kim, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha, Jong Ku Park, Dong Mug Kang, Jai Young Kim, Soo Keun Kim, Hong Ryul Choi
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002;14(1):57-68.   Published online March 31, 2002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2002.14.1.57
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study examines the problem of the preplacement health examination in terms of hearing loss case, where workers have been experiencing job instability in the labor market.
METHODS
In order to measure the 2-year job retention rate of employees in 79 shipbuilding subcontracted companies in Kyongnam province, we utilized the same methods as those used by Neumark et al(1999), and Bernhardt et al(1999). We surveyed 79 heath and safety personnel from the companies with a questionnaire to evaluate the present status of the preplacement health examination. We reviewed the preplacement health certificates(result of audiometric hearing thresholds) of 1,818 recruits issued by Daewoo hospital from January 1 to June 30, 2001.
RESULTS
The job retention rate was 40.3 %(male 38.53 %, female 52.01 %). Of the 79 health and safety personnel of companies, 44(55.7 %) perceived the preplacement health examination as a tool for the selection of recruits, 3(3.8 %) as a procedure for job fitting and 31(39.2 %) as both. Most of them were against the acceptance of recruits with hearing loss, spinal disease and hepatitis. Among the 1,818 workers who underwent the preplacement health examination, 530(29.1 %) were examined after employment, but 1,096(60.3 %) were examined before employment. The number with previous job experience was 1,591(87.5 %). In the audiometric hearing threshold results, the prevalence of hearing loss was positively correlated with age. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of hearing loss depending on previous job and number of quitting at 4,000 Hz.
CONCLUSIONS
The comparison of 2-year job retention rates before and after the Korean economic crisis of 1997 suggests that job stability has been aggravated especially for cohorts of long tenure, irregular job, and old age. This evidence shows that previous job and age play a role in determining worker employment based on perceived results from the preplacement health examination. This result suggests that a pre-employment health examination be substituted for the preplacement health examination based on the essential job functions and reasonable accommodation. Because it has little relevance in a wide range of employment and minor health problems, the results of this examination should not debar applicants from employment.

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Factors Affecting Dyspnea in Retired Coal Miners in Korea
Yong Hee Cheon, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;13(3):286-295.   Published online September 30, 2001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.3.286
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was done to examine the risk factors for the dyspnea of retired coal miners in Korea.
METHODS
Eight hundred and sixteen male workers who took the health examination for retired coal miners in the T hospital were recruited, in this study and their health examination records were employed to assess the risk factors for dyspnea. Both univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the relationship between known risk factors and the presence of dyspnea.
RESULTS
Variables in the univariate analysis, which showed a significant relationship with dyspnea were age(>or=60 years) (OR : 2.20, 95% CI : 1.63-3.00), work duration(>or=2 0 years) (OR : 1.67, 95% CI : 1.24-2.25), profusion of small opacity(>or=1/0) (OR : 1.81. 95% CI : 1.30-2.51), large opacity(>or=A) (OR : 2.19, 95% CI : 1.30-3.70), and the ratio of the distance between the start of the first division of the right and left main pulmonary arteries divided by the transverse diameter of the thorax (cor pulmonale index)(>or=0 . 3 6 ) (OR : 2.37, 95% CI : 1.77-3.17). The multivariate analysis using logistic regression analysis showed age(>or=60 years)(OR : 1.69, 95% CI : 1.28-2.21), smoking amount(>or=1 filters/day) (OR : 1.61, 95% CI : 1.06-2.45), no experience of having quit smoking (OR : 1.40 95% CI : 1.06-1.84), and the cor pulmonale index(>or=0.36)(OR : 1.75, 95% CI : 1.34-2.29) were associated with an increased risk for dyspnea.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggests that the cor pulmonale index is the most significant risk factor in predicting dyspnea in retired coal miners. In addition, this study also revealed that workers aged 60 years or more or smokers were more likely to experience dyspnea as compared to those aged 60 years or less and nonsmokers.

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The Health Status Assessment of Subcontracted Workers
Hong Ryul Choi, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang, Bong Suk Cha, Hyoung June Im, Sang Yun Lee, Jai Young Kim, Dong Mug Kang, Soo Hun Cho
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;13(1):18-30.   Published online March 31, 2001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.1.18
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The strategy for the labor flexibility through subcontracted labor have brought a negative effect on the lives of the workers, such as the increase of the unstable employment. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between the employment of subcontracted firms and the health status of them, and to find out some problems which have been caused in the process of health evaluation and the characteristics of social exclusion.
METHODS
We reviewed the periodical health examination and preemployment health examination in order to compare health status of the subcontracted workers with those of the parent firm workers. The SF-36 questionnaire was administered to assess the self-perceived health status.
RESULTS
The result shows that compared to the working duration of the parent firm workers, those of the subcontracted workers were shorter, and the job transfer rate was higher. In the periodical health examination, the prevalence of occupational and general disease was higher in the parent firm(10%) than in the subcontracted firms(6%). Preemployment health examination plays an important role in worker's health management. Among 6,260 workers who received preemployment health examination, the prevalence of disease was 37.9%. Mean scores of health status measured by SF-36 were lower in the subcontracted firm than in the parent firm.
CONCLUSIONS
Due to social exclusion of the subcontracted workers from the periodical health examination, there is a possibility that the periodical health examination have the healthy worker effect. These results suggests that the preemployment health examination could be a more appropriate indicator which is able to assess the health status of the subcontracted workers than the periodical health examination.

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    Young Joong Kang, Jong Heun Park, Huisu Eom, Bohwa Choi, Seyoung Lee, Ji-Won Lee, Jun-Pyo Myong
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Subcontractors and increased risk for work‐related diseases and absenteeism
    Kyoung B. Min, Shin G. Park, Jae S. Song, Kwan H. Yi, Tae W. Jang, Jin Y. Min
    American Journal of Industrial Medicine.2013; 56(11): 1296.     CrossRef
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    Su Ho Park, Chang Hee Kim, Eun Kyung Kim
    Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2013; 22(3): 179.     CrossRef
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Hepatic Effect of Simultaneous Exposure to Nickel and Cadmium in Rats
Bong Suk Cha, Seungjun Wang, Sei Jin Chang
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000;12(1):111-118.   Published online March 31, 2000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2000.12.1.111
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This research was intended to verify hepatic effect of simutaneously combined exposure of nickel chloride and cadmium chloride with IPRL(Isolated Perfused Rat Liver) method.
METHODS
AST(aspartate aminotransferase), ALT(alanine aminotransferase), LDH(lactate dehydrogenase) and perfusion flow rate were used as the indicator of hepatotoxicity and oxygen consumption rate were used as the indicator of viability. 300(+/-50) g weighted rats were allocated randomly to each group (control group, 50 microM 200 microM separately exposure group of NiC1, and CdC1, simultaneously combined exposure group of NiC1 and CdC1) by 5, totally 35. Buffer which got out of liver was sampled and then biochemical indicator of hepatotoxicity was measured. In order to verify difference among groups, two way repeated ANOVA was used. With comparing mean summation of separate exposure group with mean of simultaneous exposure group, possibility that combined effect could be synergistic effect was verified.
RESULTS
AST, ALT, LDH increased in both of separate exposure group and simultaneous exposure group. Perfusion flow rate and oxygen consumption rate decreased but statistically significant difference among groups was not found, In each exposure group, AST, ALT, LDH, oxygen consumption rate of simultaneous exposure group increased more than sum of separate exposure group after any sampling time.
CONCLUSIONS
It was found that simultaneous combined effect could be synergistic effect through the biochemical indicator of hepatotoxicity.

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The variation of thiodiglycolic acid concentration in urine with vinyl chloride exposure levels in rats
Seung Jun Wang, Bong Suk Cha, Jae Hoon Roh, Dong Chun Shin, Myung Su Kim, Keun Jae Jeon
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;11(4):431-438.   Published online December 31, 1999
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1999.11.4.431
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
It is the objective of this research to identify the variation of thiodiglycolic acid (TdGA) in urine with vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) exposure levels through methylation.
METHODS
After rats were exposed to vinyl chloride monomer of 4 levels, 0 mg/m3, 50 mg /m3, 150 mg/m3, 500 mg/m3, respectively, of which urine was sampled in each sampling time of 0 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 16 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours. After urine had been methylated with diazomethane in the preliminary experiment and the peak of 146 m/z had been verified, the main experiment was done.
RESULTS
In the variation of TdGA with sampling times, concentration of TdGA increased rapidly in 4 hours and then decreased after 8 hours. When the variation of urinary .TdGA concentration in urine according to exposure level of VCM was verified through Kruskal-Wallis statistical method at each sampling time, the significant increment with the exposure levels at 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours after exposure was clarified.
CONCLUSION
TdGA concentration in urine with increment of VCM exposure level increased, especially significantly at 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours of sampling time.

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A Meta-analysis on the Association between Bladder Cancer and Glutathione S transferase mu Genetic Polymorphism
Sang Baek Koh, Bong Suk Cha, Jong Ku Park, Chun Bae Kim, Myung Gun Kang, Ki Woong Kim, Won Jin Lee, Soung Hoon Chang
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;11(1):13-23.   Published online March 31, 1999
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1999.11.1.13
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was conducted to integrate the results of studies which assess the relationship between bladder cancer and Glutathione S transferase mu genetic polymorphism. We retrieved the literatures using MEDLINE search, with bladder cancer and Glutathione S transferase as key words, which were reported from 1980 to October 1998. The criteria for quality evaluation were as follows; 1) The paper should have histologically confirmed bladder cancer as case definition. 2) The paper should use the GSTM1 gene typing as method for analysis. Among 59 retrieved articles, fourteen studies were selected for quantitative meta-analysis. The overall effect size of the risk of bladder cancer due to GSTM1 was calculated by common odds ratio. Before the integration of each effect sizes into common effect sizes, the homogeneity test were conducted. All studies were case control design and cases were transitional cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of bladder. And only four papers used matching technique. Homogeneity of studies were rejected by Breslow-Day test(P<0.01), so random effect model was used for evaluation of odds ratio. The overall odds ratio of GSTM1 associated with bladder cancer was 1.55 (95% confidence interval 1.27 to 1.90) and cumulative odds ratio became more stable when the study subjects were over 1,500. Our result suggested that positive association be found between GSTM1 genetic polymorphism and bladder cancer.

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Effect of Economic Depression on Psychosocial Distress of Industrial Workers
Bong Suk Cha, Sang Baek Koh, Seung Jun Wang, Sei Jin Chang
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998;10(4):484-492.   Published online December 31, 1998
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1998.10.4.484
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was carried out to assess the effect of economic depression on psychosocial distress, and to assess the relationship between differences of psychosocial distress and job characteristics (job strain), and to find out the effect of social support on psychosocial distress. We measured job characteristics(job demand, job control), and social support(coworker support, supervisor supports) at work by a self-administered questionnaire. Psychosocial distress was measured by PWI(Psychosocial Well-being Index), a 45-item self-administered instrument. Among the 152 respondents, the prevalence of high job strain was 27% (41 persons). The Odds ratio of high job strain was 3.11 (95% CI; 2.12~4.11), and those of passive group and active group were 2.01(95% CI; 0.83~2.76) and 1.80(95% CI; 0.83~2.76), respectively. Our results supported the association between psychosocial distress and job strain. The odds ratio of high strain isolates group (high strain group+low social support) was 3.59 (95% CI; 2.05~5.13), but the odds ratio of high strain collective group was 1.32 (95% CI; 0.23~2.41). Social support at work was modifying factor of the association between psychosocial distress and job strain. Therefore we reviewed the evidence that economic depression was associated with psychosocial distress in this study, and that the strength of the social support was important in maintain health.

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    Bach Xuan Tran, Giang Thu Vu, Kiet Tuan Huy Pham, Quan-Hoang Vuong, Manh-Tung Ho, Thu-Trang Vuong, Hong-Kong T. Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Carl A. Latkin, Cyrus S.H. Ho, Roger C.M. Ho
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(9): 1642.     CrossRef
  • Stressors, coping resources and strategies, and police stress in South Korea
    Merry Morash, Dae-Hoon Kwak, Vincent Hoffman, Chang Hun Lee, Sun Ho Cho, Byongook Moon
    Journal of Criminal Justice.2008; 36(3): 231.     CrossRef
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The Assessment of Worker's Health Status by SF-36
Bong Suk Cha, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang, Jong Ku Park, Myung Guen Kang
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998;10(1):9-19.   Published online February 28, 1998
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1998.10.1.9
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was conducted to understand health status by general characteristic, and to find out relationship between social support and worker's health status. Health status was measured using SF-36(Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36), a 36 item self administered Instrument. The finding of this study were as follow; Mean scores of health status by sex were higher in male. The younger worker reported good health on physical functioning and role limitation-physical than did the older worker, but the older worker reported good health on social functioning and mental health. Mean scores of health status were higher in high income and white worker. When the relationship between social support and health status, social functioning, role limitation-emotion, mental health, vitality, general health were significantly related. Therefore we reviewed the evidence that socio-economic condition are associated with health status in this study, and that the strength of the social support was a important to maintain health.

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    Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2010; 31(1): 35.     CrossRef
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    Jin-young Lim, Jong Park, Myeong Geun Kang, So Yeon Ryu
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    Gyu Rak Chon, Ik Su Choi, Chae-Man Lim, Younsuck Koh, Yeon-Mok Oh, Tae Sun Shim, Sang Do Lee, Woo Sung Kim, Dong-Soon Kim, Won Dong Kim, Sang-Bum Hong
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The Metabolism and Liver Toxicity of N, N-dimethylformamide in the Isolated Perfused Liver
Sang Baek Koh, Bong Suk Cha, Myung Guen Kang, Sang Yeol Koh, Jung Woo Lee, Sang Ok Kwon
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1997;9(2):217-229.   Published online June 30, 1997
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1997.9.2.217
AbstractAbstract PDF
N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a solvent which is widely used in the industrial workplace. It causes the liver damages to the chronically exposed workers and is also well known as the harzadous material to generate occupational malignancies. DMF is mainly metabolized into N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide (HMMF) by the microsomal cytochrome p-450. HMMF breaks down to NMF. However, the detailed mechanism of its toxicity are unknown. In this experiment, the metabolism and the toxicity of DMF was investigated using an isolated perfumed liver model. DMF (0, 10, 25mM) were added into recirculating perfusate of the isolated perfused rat liver. Samples were collected at 0, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 minutes from inferior vena cava. The gas-chromatography was used to analyze the metabolite of DMF, The changes in the oxygen consumption rate by DMF were monitored during perfusion. The enzyme activity (AST, ALT, LDH) in the perfusate were treasured to find out whether DMF causers hepatotoxicity. As perfusion continued, DMF concentration in the perfusate decreased, and NMF 1.16mM was detected. The oxygen consumption rate increased both at 10mM and 25mM DMF concentration. However, when SKF 525A, a known inhibitor of cytochrome p-450, had been pretreated (300uM before DMF addition, the oxygen consumption rate was significantly inhibited, indicating that cytochrome p-450 system is responsible for the conversion to NMF. With DMF addition, the activity of AST, ALT, and LDH significantly increased time dependently and dose dependently. However, the pretreatment of perfused liver with SKF 525A shoved that the release of AST, ALT and LDH was inhibited. In summary, it is found that DMF is metabolized to NMF in liver, and that cytochrome p-450 mono-oxygenase is suggested to play a role in the biotransformation of NMF. The time course of BMF toxicity in relation to NMF formation is compatible with hypothesis that the hepatotoxicity of DMF is mediated via NMF. Further study combined with in vivo experiment through the toxicological approaches is expected.

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  • Clinical Outcomes of Occupational Exposure to N,N-Dimethylformamide: Perspectives from Experimental Toxicology
    Tae Hyun Kim, Sang Geon Kim
    Safety and Health at Work.2011; 2(2): 97.     CrossRef
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Effect of Noise Exposure and Psychosocial Factors on Blood Pressure in Manufacturing Workers
Bong Suk Cha, Sang Baek Koh, Sei Jin Chang, Jung Ku Park, Myung Guen Kang, Sang Yul Koh
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1997;9(2):244-257.   Published online June 30, 1997
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1997.9.2.244
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was conducted to assess the effects of noise exposure and psychosocial factor on blood pressure in manufacturing workers. The study subjects are 414 workers (243 males, 171 females) employed at the noisy department. The mean age of low exposed group (<85dB) was 34.65+/-9.53 years, and that of high exposed group (> or =85dB) was 36.37+/-11.15 years. The difference in mean age wart not significant. The mean and distribution of working duration, smoking status, drinking status were not significantly different between two groups. The mean systolic blood pressure of the low exposed groups was 120.01+/-12.06 mmHg, and that of high exposed group wart 126.27+/-13.84 mmHg. The mean diastolic blood pressure of the low exposed and the high exposed group were 77.18+/-10.83 mmHg, and 83.46+/-11.22 mmHg respectively. These differences of blood pressure were statistically significant(p<0.05). The workers in noisy department have significantly less work environmental satisfaction, higher job demand, and higher social support. The mean values of psychosocial distress were higher in the workers of the noisy department, but the difference was not statistically significant. This study was to speculate whether the work environmental satisfaction and social supports modify the association between the noise exposure level and the blood pressure. The results showed that work environmental satisfaction could not modify the association between the blood pressure and the noise exposure. Social support at work did not modify the association. Furthermore, we evaluated the high job strain from a combination of high job demand and low job control at work. Compared to the low strain group, the olds ratio of the high job strain group for hypertension in diastolic blood pressure were statistically significant, but not in systolic blood pressure. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether the independent variables contributed to explaining the blood pressure. After controlling for possible confounders, we found that the noise exposure level was a correlate of the diastolic blood pressure. But no association between the noise exposure level and the systolic blood pressure. No significant result was found for psychosocial factor.

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    Ho-Jin Park, Sung-Kyeong Park, Young-Chae Cho
    Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2014; 15(9): 5610.     CrossRef
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    Sung-Kyeong Park, Jong-Oh Kim, Young-Chae Cho
    Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2011; 12(9): 3887.     CrossRef
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Effects of the Chelating Agent on the Nephrotoxicity and Histopathological Change in Rat after Administration of Inorganic Mercury
Bong Suk Cha, Sang Baek Koh, Soon Won Hong
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1997;9(2):292-300.   Published online June 30, 1997
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1997.9.2.292
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was to determine the effects of Sodium-N-[4-methoxybenzyl]-D-glucamine-N-dithiocarbamate(MeOBGDTC) on the nephrotoxicity of mercury and histopathological change in rats pretreated with mercuric chloride 48h earlier. In a firsts experiment, 3 groups were given a single injection i.p. of 3.5 micromol/kg of HgCl2 mixed with 1microCi of 203Hg2+ in a final volume of 0.5ml of physiologic saline. Subsequently the rats also received the chelator, 1 mmol/kg of MeOBGDTC, at 1h in group 2 (HgCl2-MeOBGDTC 1h) and 12h in group 3 (HgCl2-MeOBGDTC 12h) after injection of mercuric chloride. The results showed that the injection of chelating agent at 1h after mercury injection significantly decreased mercury level in plasma. But not significant in renal cortex. In a second experiment, rats were divided into 4 groups, one group was control group, others were mercury injected group. MeOBGDTC was also administered to mercury-injected rats as described above. The changes in renal function were determined by measurement of proteinuria, plasma creatinine and urinary osmolality. The results showed that the injection of mercuric chloride increased the excretion of urinary protein and plasma creatinine, and decreased the urinary osmolarity. However, the injection of chelating agent at 1h after mercury injection significantly decreases the toxic effects of mercury. Finally, histopathological change at the light microscopic level was comparable effect of chelating agent on nephrotoxicity of mercury. Minimal morphological alterations were seen in kidney of rats of HgCl2-MeOBGDTC 1h. The HgCl2-MeOBGDTC 12h caused necrotic change of the proximal tubule at cortical-medullary junction. These changes were more common and more severe at the HgCl2 alone.

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A Study on the Relationship between Subjective Symptoms and Psychosocial Well-being Status of VDT Operators
Bong Suk Cha, Sang Baek Ko, Sei Jin Chang, Chang Sik Park
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(3):403-413.   Published online December 31, 1996
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.3.403
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was undertaken to identify the relationship between the subjective symptoms and the psychosocial well-being status of VDT operators. The study subjects of this study were 89 female telephone operators in Korea Telecom. The mean age of study subjects was 37.7 (s.d.; 3.1), and 91% of them were the married and 9% were the single. The mean values of psychosocial well-being status by general characteristics were not statistically significant. Of the 89 operators, 98.9% felt musculoskeletal subjective symptoms in shoulder, 91.2% in neck, 89.9% in hand, 89.9% in lowback, 88.9% in arm, 87.8% in back, and 85.6% in leg, respectively. The mean scores of the psychosocial well-being status by three categories of subjective symptoms were significant in shoulder, neck, arm, hand, and leg, but were not significant in back and lowback. Correlations between the subjective symptoms and the psychosocial well-being status were significant in discomfort scale, leg, arm, neck, shoulder, lowback, and hand, but were not significant in back. Multiple regression analysis were used to determine whether the independent variables (age, discomfort, and subjective symptoms) contributed to explaining the psychosocial well-being status. Discomfort and the subjective symptoms in leg were a correlate of the psychosocial well-being status.

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    Kyung Ko, Hee-Soo Kim, Ji-Hea Woo
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    Yun-Soo Mok, Dong Won Lee, Seong Rok Chang
    Journal of the Korean Society of Safety.2013; 28(3): 100.     CrossRef
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A Post-examination Health Care Status of Workers with Noise Induced Hearing Loss in Manufacturing Factories
Jang Sun Choi, Jae Suk Song, Jong Uk Won, Jong Du Kang, Bong Suk Cha, Jae Hoon Roh
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(2):272-281.   Published online September 30, 1996
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.2.272
AbstractAbstract PDF
The number of workers with noise induced hearing loss which comprise 56.9% in the total number of workers with work-related diseases in Korea of 1994, are becoming in position of the most serious problem. Periodic health examination system which was introduced for health care of workers on hazardous workplace has played important role in health care and the prevention of work-related diseases. The goal of periodic health examination may be obtained when we not only discover occupational disease, but also control them effectively. To study the post-examination health status of workers with noise induced hearing loss diagnosed from 1991 to 1994 in the periodic health examination, all 154 workers in 102 manufacturing factories in Banwol and Siwha industrial complex were reviewed. ' 1. Among 154 workers, 87 workers (56.5%) were changed to different department, 67 workers (43. 5%) remained in the same department. 2. Among 102 workplaces, only 23 workplaces (22.9%) 'had changed their working environment while 79 workplaces (77.1%) did not. 3. In this study, post-examination health care of the workers diagnosed as noise induced-hearing loss had significant correlated with the presence of health care manager, Industrial Health and Safety Committee in workplace and size of industry. The improvement of working environment is also closely related with the presence of health care manager in workplace. 4. Among 154 respondents, 3 Wkers(l. 9%) had received! compensationwhile 151; workers(98.1%) did not. 5. The reasons for not requesting the compensation were that 117 workers (77.5^) were ignorant of the administrative procedure for compensation, 30 workers (19.9%) were not sure of receiving compensation, 4 workers (2.6%) were busy. Considering the result of this study, we must establish the guide of management or contents of post management for noise induced hearing loss. To prevent the noise induced hearing loss, and protect the workers with noise induced hearing loss, education about post management is much required for employer and employee.

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Effects ethanol and phenobarbital on metabolism of trichloroethylene in rats
Kyung Jong Lee, Jae Hoon Roh, Chi Nyon Kim, Myung Hwha Cho, Bong Suk Cha, Young Hahn Moon
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1993;5(1):76-87.   Published online February 28, 1993
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1993.5.1.76
AbstractAbstract PDF
No abstract available.

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  • Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Blood and Urine among Residents around Camp Carroll
    Hyun-Sul Lim, Wonho Yang, Geun-Bae Kim, Young-Sung Cho, Young-Sun Min, Kwan Lee, Duk Hee Lee, Young-Su Ju, Sunshin Kim, Jung Heo, Dayoung Jung
    Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene.2016; 26(1): 11.     CrossRef
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Analysis of Medical Charges in Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance System
Young Hahn Moon, Bong Suk Cha, Jaehoon Roh, Myung Keun Lee, Kyung Jong Lee, Se Jin Chang
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1990;2(2):153-165.   Published online August 31, 1990
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1990.2.2.153
AbstractAbstract PDF
A recent increase in hospital cost in Industrial Accident Compensation System has caused an issue. Especially the many problems in assessing and paying hospital cost have made necessary improvement measures on this. For this purpose the study analyzed 179,442 medical bills for industrial accident patients during 1986~1988. And various annual statistic data, references and documentations are also reviewed. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The average days for medical treatment per injury decreased depending upon hospital grade in the order of clinic, hospital, and general hospital, and the average hospital charges per injury decreased in the order of general hospital, hospital and clinic. 2. The inpatients' leading injury was traumatic amputation of fingers, and the open wound of fingers came to leading injury among the outpatients. The proportions of 10 leading injuries among inpatients and outpatients were 42.7% and 49.2% respectively. 3. As a consequence of the analysis of average medical charges, fractures of neck of femur in inpatients, and intervertebral disc disorders in outpatients were obtained as the most prevalent injuries. The coal workers' pneumoconiosis and injury to nerve roots and spinal plexus were most prominent injuries with repect to the days for medical treatment. 4. According to annual days for medical treatment, fracture of tibia and fibula was the most prevalent in inpatients, and sprains and strains of back was the most prevalent in outpatient. Traumatic amputation of fingers and other 10 leading injuries has a 42.6% share of total inpatients' hospital charges, and fracture of phalanges of hand and other 10 leading injuries possessed 53.4% of total outpatients' hospital charges. 5. Multiple regression analysis revealed that length of hospital stay, number of revealed that length of hospital stay, number of radiologic examinations, duration of operation, age, and others were the major determinants of total hospital charges. A comparision with medical insurance and car insurance for hospital charges and days for treatment showed 2-4 times higher than medical insurance, but showed 0.4~1.0 times lower than medical insurance and car insurance for daily treatment charges.

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The Serum Alpha-antitrypsin Concentration of Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis Patients
Bong Suk Cha, Ho Keun Chung, Jeong Pyo Hong
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1990;2(1):34-43.   Published online February 28, 1990
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1990.2.1.34
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was performed to investigate associations between serum alpha(1)-antitrypsin(AAT) concentration and radiological categories of coal workers' pneumoconlosis(CWP), between AAT concentration and pulmonary complications such as tuberculosis and emphysema, and to study associations between AAT concentration and FEV(1.0)% in CWP patients, We classified 254 CWP patients in D Hospital into categories of small opacity profusion. And we selected 86 subjects by with or without emphysematous finding in each categories by proportional stratified sampling method. Semm AAT concentrations were quantkated by single radial immunodiffusion method, and the findings of chest radiographs were evaluated by radilogist. The results were as follows: 1. Serum AAT concentrations were not significantly different among groups of radiological categories of small opacities. 2. Complication of emphysema was associated with smoking habits sigmficantlyl(chi square=12.16, p<0,01). And AAT concentraLion was higher in smokers and ex-smokers than in non-smokers. Serum AAT concentration was significantly higher in the cases with emphysema than in the cdses without emphybema{p<0.01). 3. Serum AAT concentration of the group with active pulmonary tuberculosis was significantly higher than with inactive or without: pulmonary tuberculosis group(p<0.1). 4. Serum AAT concentration of the group with low FEV(1.0)% was significantly higher than with high or normal group(p<0.05).

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A Comparative Study of Ihe Hospital Charge of Long-term and Short-term inpatient in the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance System
Kyung Jong Lee, Young Hahn Moon, Bong Suk Cha
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1990;2(1):1-12.   Published online February 28, 1990
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1990.2.1.1
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to compare the hospital charges of long-term and those of short-term inpatients Insured by the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance System. This study analysed 1,597 medical bills of injured workers emitted to and discharged from all hospitals in Korea in the period between March 1, 1988 and May 30, 1989. The 308 workers hospitalized for more than 50 hospital days were classified as long-term inpatients, and the others as short-term inpatients. The sampling method employed was 25% systematic sampling. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The average length of stay for long-term inpatients was 95.1 days, and 20.7 days for short-term inpatients, 2. Long-term inpaiients' main diseases were multiple injury and fracture. Fracture of the lower extremities and feet prevailed, 3. Daily hospital charges were higher in the long-term inpatients than in the short-term inpatients. 4. Total charges decreased depending upon hospital grade in the order of general hospital, hospital, and clinic. Daily average hospital charges were the same regardless of hospital grade. 5. The proportions of long-term Inpatients admitted to general hospitals, hospitals, and clinics were 46.1%, 23.4%. and 30.5% respectively, and those of short-term patients were 33.2%, 24.1%, and 42.7% respectively. 6. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the length of hospital stay, hospital grade, treatment results and patient's age were the major determinants of hospital charges.

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  • K-means Cluster Analysis on Care Status of Injured Workers with Stroke According to Discharge Disposition Patterns
    Goo Joo Lee, Byung-Mo Oh, Keewon Kim, Sang Yoon Lee, Sewoong Chun, Tai Ryoon Han
    Brain & Neurorehabilitation.2011; 4(2): 132.     CrossRef
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Medical utilization of the Hand Injured Patients among the Industrial Accident Compensation Insured
Bong Suk Cha, Sei Jin Chang, Myung Keyn Lee
Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1989;1(2):168-179.   Published online November 30, 1989
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1989.1.2.168
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study attempts to assess the status of hand injured patients and their medical care utilization among the industrial accident compensation insured. The study subjects were the 8,648 hand injured patients (2,951 inpatients and 5,697 outpatients) who were attended in the medical facilities of Seoul area from January, 1986 to August, 1988. The following results were obtained. 1. About 90% of hand injured patients were male, and about 62% of them were less than 30 years of age. 44.4% of inpatients recieved treatment in general hospital and 42.0% of outpatients in clinic. 2. The highest mean medical cost by facility were 929,000 won of general hospital in inpatient, and 108,000 won of clinic and general hospital in outpatient. 3. The highest mean medical cost by injury were 690,000 won of amputation in inpatient and 126,000 won of fracture in outpatient. 4. The longest mean patient days by facility 25.3 days of general hospital in inpatient and 20.7 days of clinic in outpatient. According to the type of injury, 23.1 days of open wound in inpatient and 23.0 days of fracture in outpatient. 5. The, highest mean medical cost per day by facility was 39,000 won of inpatient and 8,000 won of outpatient in general hospital. According to the type of injury, these were 34,000 won of dislocation and burns in inpatient and 7,000 won of dislocation and burns in outpatient.

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