Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Original Article

Distribution of Korean safety and health professionals from the perspective of gender equality: Jeongim Park, Sohyeon Choi, Yeji Sung, Jinjoo Chung, Sangjun Choi; Ann Occup Environ Med 2022;34:e12. Published online June 9, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e12

Abstract Abstract in Korean PDF PubReader ePub: Background
Gender equality in the workplace remains a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the gender gap of human resources in the field of occupational safety and health (OSH) in Korea.
Methods
Several national statistical data that can confirm the gender distribution of personnel in the OSH sector were reviewed. The gender distribution of industrial technical manpower statistics, professional certificate holders in the OSH field, and the status of the appointment of safety and health managers by industry was analyzed.
Results
The distribution of professionals in the OSH sector in Korea had a large gender gap with a small number of women. In particular, the proportion of women in the safety field was lower than that in the health field. In the younger age group, while the proportion of women is increasing, the gender gap tends to decrease.
Conclusions
Few data are available to understand the gender-related aspects of OSH professions. Nevertheless, our results provide basic information for initiating a discussion on the necessity of establishing gender-sensitive culture and policies in the OSH sector.; 성평등의 관점에서 본 한국 안전보건 전문인력 분포 특성
목적
이 연구는 한국의 산업안전보건 분야 인적 자원의 성별 격차를 조사함으로써 양성 평등의 관점에서 안전보건 인력의 분포 특성을 평가하고자 하였다.
방법
한국내 가용한 안전보건 인력에 대한 성별 분포 특성을 파악할 수 있는 자료를 수집하여 성별 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 산업기술인력 통계, 안전보건 분야 국가 자격증 취득자 분포 및 업종별 안전보건관리자 선임 특성 등을 분석하였다.
결과
국내 안전보건 분야 전문인력 분포는 2019년 산업기술인력 통계 분석 결과 여성이 4.5% 밖에 되지 않아 성별 차이가 컸다. 관리자 직급의 경우 보건의료 서비스 분야가 23.8%로 여성 비율이 가장 높았고, 나머지 직군에서는 4% 미만으로 성별 차이가 컸다. 보건 분야에 비해 안전 분야의 여성비율이 낮았으며, 30세 이하 젊은 연령층에서는 여성 비율이 증가하며 성별 격차가 줄어드는 경향을 보였다.
결론
국내 안전보건 분야 성별 특성을 파악할 수 있는 자료 자체가 매우 적었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 본 연구 결과 안전보건 분야 전문인력의 여성 비율이 매우 낮음을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 안전보건 분야 인력에 대한 성별 격차를 줄이고, 성별 특성을 고려한 안전보건정책 수립의 필요성에 대한 논의를 시작하기 위한 기초정보를 제공할 것이다.

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Research Article

Comparison of work environment and occupational injury in direct and indirect employment in Korea and Europe: Joonho Ahn, Seong-Sik Cho, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Jun-Pyo Myong, Mo-Yeol Kang; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e24. Published online September 25, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e24

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Background

To investigate the risk of injury for indirect employment in Korea, we compared work environment, workplace exposure, and injury risk according to the type of employment contract between Korea and European Union (EU) countries.

Methods

We analyzed data of blue-collar workers from the fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2014) and the sixth European Working Conditions Survey (2015) and compared workplace risk factors and preventive factors for occupational injuries. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the relationship between occupational injury and the type of employment contract after adjusting for age and sex.

Results

For descriptive characteristics, a relatively older age, lower income, lower proportion of full-time work, greater proportion in small-sized companies, and fewer unionizations were noted in indirect employment in Korea than in direct employment. Workplace exposure was significantly higher in indirect employment in both Korea and Europe. Among safety-related factors, indirect employment in both Korea and Europe lacked the support of company education, coworkers, and supervisors. Indirectly employed blue-collar workers had a significantly higher risk of occupational injury than those directly employed in Korea (odds ratio [OR]: 1.876), whereas there was no significant difference between directly and indirectly employed workers in EU countries (OR: 1.038).

Conclusions

Indirectly employed blue-collar workers have an increased risk of occupational injury in Korea.

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Estimated trends in hospitalizations due to occupational injuries in Korea based on the Korean National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury Survey (2006-2019)
Seonguk Baek, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Myeong-Hun Lim, Jin-Ha Yoon
Epidemiology and Health.2023; : e2023042. CrossRef
Teleworking Is Significantly Associated with Anxiety Symptoms and Sleep Disturbances among Paid Workers in the COVID-19 Era
Minji Kim, Inho Park, Hyojin An, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(2): 1488. CrossRef
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Mitiku Bonsa Debela, Muluken Azage, Negussie Deyessa, Achenef Motbainor Begosaw
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Association between physical risk factors and sleep disturbance among workers in Korea: The 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey
Inho Park, Seunghan Kim, Yangwook Kim, Byungyoon Yun, Jin-Ha Yoon
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Comparative analyses of occupational injuries among temporary agency worker and direct contract workers: Findings from the Korea Health Panel 2009–2018
Joonho Ahn, Jongin Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Yu Min Lee, Tae-Won Jang, Dong-Wook Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang
Journal of Occupational Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Inequalities in External-Cause Mortality in 2018 across Industries in Republic of Korea
Jiyoung Lim, Kwon Ko, Kyung Eun Lee, Jae Bum Park, Seungho Lee, Inchul Jeong
Safety and Health at Work.2022; 13(1): 117. CrossRef
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Joonho Ahn, So-Jung Ryu, Jihun Song, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(10): 5492. CrossRef
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Mitiku Bonsa Debela, Muluken Azage, Achenef Motbainor Begosaw
Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology.2021; 10(2): 113. CrossRef
The Occupational Characteristics and Health Status of Workers in Geographically Isolated and Confined Areas in the Republic of Korea
Joonho Ahn, Jongin Lee, Sang Ha Lee, Min Young Park, Wanhyung Lee
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Research Article

Comparison of risk-assessment tools for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) in male shipyard workers: a cross-sectional study: Jea Chul Ha, Jun Seok Son, Young Ouk Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Young Hoo Shin, Hyun Woo Park; Ann Occup Environ Med 2019;31:e4. Published online May 23, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e4

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Background

Periodic revision of assessment tools is essential to ensure risk assessment reliability and validity. Despite the recent revision of the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) 2018, there is no evidence showing that the revision is superior to other cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) risk-assessment tools for workplace health management. We conducted a comparative analysis using the Framingham risk score (FRS) as a gold standard to identify the most relevant CVDs risk-assessment tool for workplace health management.

Methods

We included 4,460 shipyard workers who had undergone a workers' health examination during January–December 2016. Risk levels for CVDs were calculated based on the FRS, KOSHA 2013, KOSHA 2017, KOSHA 2018 (2 methods), National Health Screening Program health risk appraisal (NHS HRA) 2017, and NHS HRA 2018. Study participants were categorized into low-risk, moderate-risk, or high-risk groups. Sensitivity, specificity, correlation, and agreement of each risk-assessment tool were calculated compared with the FRS as a gold standard. For statistical analyses, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and the linearly weighted kappa coefficient were calculated.

Results

Sensitivity of the risk assessments was highest in the KOSHA 2018 (health risk appraisal [HRA]). The FRS showed correlation coefficients of 0.354 with the KOSHA 2013, 0.396 with the KOSHA 2017, 0.386 with the KOSHA 2018, 0.505 with the KOSHA 2018 (HRA), 0.288 with the NHS HRA 2017, and 0.622 with the NHS HRA 2018. Kappa values, calculated to examine the agreement in relation to the KOSHA 2013, KOSHA 2017, KOSHA 2018, KOSHA 2018 (HRA), NHS HRA 2017, and NHS HRA 2018 with the FRS, were 0.268, 0.322, 0.352, 0.136, 0.221, and 0.559, respectively.

Conclusions

The NHS HRA 2018 risk calculation method is a useful risk-assessment tool for CVDs, but only when appropriate classification criteria are applied. In order to enhance the risk-group identification capability of the KOSHA guideline, we propose to apply the classification criteria set in this study based on the risk group definition of the 2018 Korean Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension instead of the current classification criteria of the KOSHA 2018.

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Yunrae Cho, Dong Geon Kim, Byung-Chan Park, Seonhee Yang, Sang Kyu Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Research Article

Relationship between occupational injuries and the provision of safety and health information: data from the 4th Korean working conditions survey: Ju-il Seo, Gab-Sik Shin, Min Gi Kim, Young-Sun Min; Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:36. Published online June 4, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0247-7

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Background

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the provision of safety and health information (PSHI) and occupational injuries.

Methods

This study was based on data from the 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) (2014). The sample consisted of data from 24,527 wage workers and was divided into high-risk and low-risk groups, depending on the probability of occupational injury. The high-risk group included subjects who could cause harm to themselves or others due to errors during work. We applied chi-squared tests and logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship between PSHI and occupational injuries.

Results

In the high-risk group, workers with no PSHI showed an adjusted odds ratio of 1.81 for occupational injury (95% CI 1.33–2.47). In contrast, there was no statistically significant relationship between PSHI and the incidence of occupational injury in the low-risk group.

Conclusions

To prevent occupational injuries, multi-faceted approaches that take different levels of injury risk into account are needed. Among workers with a high risk of occupational injury, more a stringent safety education program is required.

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Exploratory Analysis of Related Factors with Absenteeism and Presenteeism on Workers: Using the Fourth Korea Working Condition Survey
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(21): 11214. CrossRef
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(14): 5208. CrossRef

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Research Article

Morbidity patterns among the welders of eastern Nepal: a cross-sectional study: Shyam Sundar Budhathoki, Suman Bahadur Singh, Surya Raj Niraula, Paras K. Pokharel; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:62. Published online November 15, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0151-y

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Background

Welding process has many hazards that the welders are exposed to resulting in numbers of health effects and diseases. Safety measures and practices among welders are important ways of preventing or reducing the health hazards associated with this occupation. We conducted this study to find out the morbidity patterns among the welders working in eastern Nepal.

Methods

A cross sectional study was conducted among 300 welders using semi structured questionnaire. Morbidity categories were classified based on symptoms experienced in past 6 months.

Results

All the welders learned welding by apprenticeship, without any formal health and safety training. Injury was the most common problem at work followed by skin problems and eye symptoms. Age of the welders, duration of employment & welding hours per day were associated with the morbidities among the welders.

Conclusions

There is a need for occupational health services for welders in Nepal. While further research may be required to make policy recommendations, the current study provides a baseline morbidity burden among these welders to look for interventions to promote health and safety at work for this neglected group of workers in Nepal.

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Case Report

Tetryl exposure: forgotten hazards of antique munitions: Walla A. Alfaraj, Brian McMillan, Alan M. Ducatman, Charles L. Werntz; Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:20. Published online April 8, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0102-7

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Background

Older yet still abundant munitions such as tetryl present easily forgotten health hazards and associated needs for worker protection.

Case presentation

Symptoms and findings from 22 workers who were exposed to tetryl are summarized.

Conclusions

This study highlights the health hazards from exposure to tetryl. Occupational health professionals need to maintain vigilance to protect workers from the risks of handling older munitions.

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Original Article

The Relationships between Enterprise-scale Levels, Safety and Health Information Provisions in the Workplace, and the Consequential Attack Rate of Occupational Disease and Injuries: In Kyung Park, Kyung Jong Lee, Soon Young Lee, Jae Beom Park, Kyoung Bok Min; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(3):229-238. Published online September 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.3.229

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
We investigated the associations between enterprise-scale levels, the information supplied regarding workplace safety and health, and occupational injury and disease using a nationally representative sample of Korean workers.
METHODS
We used data from the '2006 Working Condition Survey' performed by the Korean Occupational Safety & Health Agency. Demographic variables, employment characteristics, workplace hazards, enterprise-scale levels, information supplied regarding workplace safety and health, and occupational injury and disease were included for the study.
RESULTS
Subjects who had high incomes, or who were male, full-time workers, or shift workers were more likely to provide safety and health information at work, compared to other workers' groups. The larger the enterprise-scale level, the more likely they would offer information on safety and health at work. Workers who worked in small companies, especially those with less than 10 employees, were the most likely respondents to provide safety and health information. In the corresponding logistic regression, the presence of occupational injuries and disease was significantly associated with the provision of health and safety information, the enterprise-scale level had little correlation.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that the provision of health and safety information is a critical factor regarding occupational injuries and disease. Proper safety and health education, even in small companies, may contribute to a decrease in occupational disease and injury.

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Relationship between occupational injuries and the provision of safety and health information: data from the 4th Korean working conditions survey
Ju-il Seo, Gab-Sik Shin, Min Gi Kim, Young-Sun Min
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

The Cost of Occupational Health and Safety in Manufacturing Factories: Wonki Oh, Hyeongsu Kim, Changsu Um, Sounghoon Chang, Kunsei Lee, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Keunwhoe Kim, Kwanhyung Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(1):25-36. Published online March 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.1.25

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the cost for occupational health and safety in manufacturing factories in Korea according to the factory's size and the industrial classification.
METHODS
The costs to prevent occupational injuries and promote the general health of the workers were calculated by using the data of The Occupational Safety and Health Survey in Korea in the year of 2005 and the data of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (IACI) premiums at the same factories for the year of 2004.
RESULTS
The mean cost per one worker was as follows: 990,000 won for the factory with 5~49 workers, 869,000 won for the factory with 50~299 workers and 1,773,000 won for the factory with more than 300 workers. In the factories with 5~49 workers and 50~299 workers, the premium for the IACI was the largest portion of the cost (62.8% and 52.8%, respectively) and the cost for gear to protect workers from dangerous machineries was the next biggest portion of the cost (20.1% and 19.1%, respectively). The largest portion of the cost in the factories with more than 300 workers was the premium for the IACI (37.5%).
CONCLUSIONS
The investment costs to prevent occupational injuries and to promote the general health of the workers were very diverse according to the size of the factories and the industrial classification. To reduce the occupational injuries and to promote the general health of the workers, systematic and continuous approaches to evaluate the investment costs for the occupational health and safety are required.

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Type and Characters of Agricultural Injury Subjective Burden
Kanwoo Youn, Sanghyuk Im, Jinwoo Park, Kyungsuk Lee, Hyeseon Chae
Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2016; 41(1): 1. CrossRef
A Predictive Model of Workers' Quality of Life
Bok-Im Lee, Hye-Sun Jung
Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2011; 20(1): 35. CrossRef

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Original Article

Status of the Occupational Health and Safety Programs of Several Hospitals in Korea: Kwan Lee, Hyun Sul Lim, Soo keun Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;15(4):351-363. Published online December 31, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2003.15.4.351

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
As health care workers suffer from various hazards in hospital, an occupational safety and health program is very important to them. This study was conducted to investigate the status of the occupational safety and health programs of several hospitals in Korea.
METHODS
We conducted a questionnaire survey on 941 hospitals in Korea. All questionnaires were posted to the department of general affairs at each hospital and responses were received from 108 hospitals (11.5%). Eight responses were excluded because of insufficient data and the remaining 100 questionnaires were analyzed. The collected data were evaluated using the SPSS 10.0 statistical package and the demands for occupational safety and health programs between two groups were analyzed by RIDIT analysis.
RESULTS
The study subjects were 53 general hospitals and 47 hospitals. An occupational safety and health committee, infection control committee, safety manager, health manager, activities for vaccination, reports for needle stick injury and records related to occupational injury were more likely to be present in general hospitals than hospitals (p<0.05). Demands for occupational safety and health were higher in general hospitals than hospitals. Especially, demands for measurement of working environment, improvement of ventilatory system, management of chemical materials and supply of protective equipment were significantly higher in general hospitals than hospitals (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
We concluded from the findings of our study that occupational safety and health programs are not yet sufficient in Korean hospitals. So, we expect that special management, policies and laws for health care workers will be promulgated.

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Health Disorders Caused by Physical Factors among Health Care Workers - Focusing on Ionizing Radiation -
Hyun-Sul Lim
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2010; 53(6): 483. CrossRef

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Original Article

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Industrial Safety and Health in Technical High School Students: Sung Pil Choi, Chung Yill Park, Hyeon Woo Yim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;13(2):171-179. Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.2.171

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was carried out to determine the knowledge(K), attitude(A) and practice(P) on major industrial safety and health problems among on-the-job training students.
METHODS
We used self-administered questionnaire regarding rules or regulations, the management of hazardous materials, the work place hygiene, the use of protective device, arrangement and improvement job site, ventilation, safety and health education, and inspection and management of equipment.
RESULTS
In general, the mean score of KAP in educated group compared with non-educated group was significantly higher. As increasing the frequency of education, the mean scores of KAP were increased. There were not significant differences among 'work duration' groups on total mean scores of knowledge and practice. But on that of the attitude, there was significant differences among 'work duration'groups. There were significant differences among 'size of enterprise'groups on total mean scores of knowledge and attitude. But on that of the practice, there was no significant differences among'size of enterprise' groups. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, education frequency and method were significantly attributed to KAP, but the coefficient of determination were low.
CONCLUSIONS
it is suggested that the increase of education time was the most important thing for improving the knowledge, attitude and practice on industrial safety and health in technical high school students.

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A Study on the Preceding Researches for the Safety Behavior in Construction
Simon Hang-Bok Rhee, Chi-Don Oh, Jin-Woo Choi
Journal of the Korea Safety Management and Science.2013; 15(3): 19. CrossRef

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Original Article

A Study on the Factors affecting Pesticide Poisoning of a Rural Population: Sung Kyun Park, Sang Min Nam, Gyu Seok Hwang, Hyunme Park, Soo Eun Chung, Eun Ju Kim, Hee Sun Kim, Byung Kwan Sun, Yun Jung Yang, Eun Hee Lee, Hyung Doo Cho; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1999;11(2):196-205. Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1999.11.2.196

Abstract PDF

The purpose of this study is to examine the pesticide use and the relationship between keeping the safety rules or use of protective equipments, and poisoning experience. For Puksan province, Choonchun county, we obtained questionnaire data concerning pesticide poisoning and relating factors from 143 people who have farmed and have sprayed pesticides. Important results are follows: 1. The rate of experiences of pesticide poisoning was 33%, and the major symptoms were dizziness(39. 13%), vomiting(20.87%), and visual opacity(11.30%). The most frequent use of pesticide was paraquat(23. 76%), and the next was organophosphates(18.35%). 2. Logistic regression and chi-square analyses showed that duration of spraying per day, following dose limits, and spraying back against wind are significantly associated with poisoning experiences(x2=5.620, p0.018, OR=0.326, CJ=0.109-0.968, OR=0.302, OR=0.097-0.939 respectively). But no associations between poisoning experiences and age, sex, use of protective equipments, and attendance of safety education. Based on these data, despite limitations in exposure assessment and recall biases, it may be necessary to devise a counterplan for development of effective safety education that prevents pesticide poisoning such as popular education in CATA pesticide project, as well as prohibition of use of hazardous pesticides that proved to be fatal.

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Won Jin Lee, Eun Shil Cha
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Original Article

A Study on the Safety Accidents by Shift Systems: Ji Yong Kim; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(2):330-339. Published online September 30, 1996; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.2.330

Abstract PDF

Author investigated safety accidents occurred in 26 companies during one year to study on the relationship between safety accident and shift systems.Safety accident incidence rate in 2-shifting system was 12.4 spells per 100 workers, was 1.7 times higher than 3-shifting system (7.3 spells) and 4 times than nonshift system (3.1 spells). The proportion of safety accident occurred by workers' mistake was 77.0 % at 3-shifting system, 68.8 % at 2-shifting system and 40.7 % at nonshift system. Safety accident incidence rate by workers' mistake in 2-shifting system was 8.5 spells per 100 workers, was 3.5 times higher than 3-shifting system (5.6 spells) and 5.3 times than nonshift system (1.6 spells). There was no fluctuation of safety accident incidence in nonshift system by time. But in 2- and 3-shifting system, spells of safety accident at the daytime were more higher than nighttime, vise versa spells of safety accident by workers' mistake. In nonshift system, a weekday of the most safety accident incidence was Thursday. But in 3-shifting system the most safety accident incidence was happened at weekend , vice versa in 2-shifting system. The proportion of admission by safety accidents was 44.6 % at 3-shifting system (33 spells) that was more higher than 2-shifting system (33.2 %) and nonshift system (22.4 %). Author concluded that safety accident incidences at shifting system were more higher than nonshift system and also more serious injuries were occurred. So the various comprehensive methods for the safety system, were needed to decrease the safety accident incidence and to increase worker's well-being.

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Original Article

Musculoskeletal Diseases of Upper Extremities Among the Electronic Assembly Workers and Telecommunication Workers: Jae Wook Choi, Yorig Tae Yum, Dong Bin Spng, Jong Tae Park, Soung Hoon Chang, Jung Ae Choi; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(2):301-319. Published online September 30, 1996; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.2.301

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the current status of and to collect the basic informations of musculoskeletal diseases of upper extremities in manufacturing and telecommunication companies. The subjects were 213 workers, consisted Of 98 manufacturing workers and 115 telephoBfi operators. The musculoskeletal ,symptom survey, Job safety analysis (JSA), and medical examinations including neurologic, and'nerve.cqnduction velocity (NCV) test were conducted.: All workers were women in company A, while the other composed of 68(69.4%) men and 30(30.6%) women. The results were as follows: 1. The rates of self-reporting symptoms in each company were 85.2% at the neck, 81.1% at the shoulder joint, 73.0% at the wrist joint and 34.8% at the elbow joint in company A, while 56.1% at the shoulder joint, 51.2% at the neck and 23.5% at the elbow joint in company B in order. 2. No relationship was observed between the work duration and symptom rate in company A, but the highest symptom rate was observed at the neck in 10-19 year work duration group, at the shoulder, elbow and wrist joint in 5-9 year work duration group in company B. 3. Over the 22.8% of total workers in this study having symptoms got medical treatment at the medical clinics or drug stores, but there was no statistical difference between both companies. 4. In company A, 16(13.9%) workers were classified as D category, 12(10.4%) workers as C category and 2(1.7%) workers as R category among 115 workers. And D category was 10(10.2%), C category 31(31.6%) and R category 4(4.0%) among 98 workers in company B. D category means disease category needed futher treatment, C category means disease category needed no treatment and R category means recheck category, needed futher evaluation. 5. The types of musculoskeletal disorders including D, C, and R category were 46 cases(D 13, C 30, R 3) of tension neck .syndrome (TNS), 16 cases (D 3, C 8, R 5) of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), 5 cases of De Quervain's disease, 3 cases of lateral epicondylitis, 3 cases of bicipital tendinitis, 3 cases of rotator cuff tendinitis, 2 cases of medical epicondylitis, and 5 cases of cervical disc syndrome. 6. In company A, the total cases of 11 TNS, 8 CTS, 3 De Quervain's disease, 3 lateral epicondylitis, 3 rotator cuff tendinitis and 1 cervical disc syndrome were diagnosed and so were total cases of 35 TNS, 8 CTS and 4 cervical disc syndrome in company B. 7. By stepwise multiple regression analysis with dichotomization of musculoskeletal disease, the following odds ratios were significantly high (p<0.05)-sex (2.707) and age(l.926).

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