Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Changes of Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Cadmium-induced Acute Nephrotoxicity of Rats: Soo Jin Lee, Hyun Chul Koh, Chung Yill Park; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001;13(4):393-400. Published online December 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2001.13.4.393

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To investigate the role of superoxide dismutase(SOD) in the pathogenesis of cadmium-induced acute nephrotoxicity.
METHODS
Rats treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of cadmium(as CdCl2, 1 mg/kg) were included in the cadmium-treated group; the control group comprised untreated rats. 24-hour urine samples were obtained prior to sacrifice on days 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16(N = 10 per group), respectively. The activity of SOD and concentration of cadmium were measured in the homogenates of the renal cortex. Nephrotoxicity indices such as N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase(NAG) activity, total protein, and 24-hour urine volume, and the cadmium concentrations in the urine were measured.
RESULTS
The cadmium injection caused a significant increase of cadmium concentration in the renal cortex on days 1 and 2, and in the urine on days 1, 2 and 4. The NAG activities and total protein concentrations in urine were significantly increased on days 1, 2 and 4, and on days 1, 4 and 8, respectively. The peak values of NAG activity and total protein in urine were observed on days 1 and 4, respectively. A significant decrease of 24- hour urinary volume was induced on day 1. Renal SOD activity was significantly inhibited on day 1. Finally, on day 8, SOD activity was significantly increased and all nephrotoxicity indices except urinary total protein returned to the control level.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that cadmium induces initial depression of SOD enzyme activities in the renal cortex followed by a later activation, and that the initial depression of this enzyme plays an important role in mediating the proteinuric injury of cadmium-induced acute nephrotoxicity.

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Some Renal Function Indices in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Lead: Je Sung Nam, Yong Bae Kim, Hyun Cheol Ahn, Hwa Sung Kim, Gap Soo Lee, Kyu Yoon Hwang, Sung Soo Lee, Kyu Dong Ahn, Byung Kook Lee; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998;10(2):139-148. Published online May 31, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1998.10.2.139

The influence of lead exposure on renal function was studied. Three hundred forty two male lead exposed workers who worked in 3 storage battery factories, 5 secondary smelting factories and 3 litharge making factories, and 60 male control workers who were not exposed to lead occupationally were chosen for this study. Blood lead (PbB), zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood (ZPP) and delta-aminolevulinic acid in urine (DALA) were selected as indicators of lead exposure. As indicators of renal function blood urea nitrogen(BUN) , serum creatinine(S-Cr), serum uric acid (S-UA), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in urine (NAG) and urine protein (U-TP) were selected. While the mean values of lead exposure indicators of lead workers were significantly different from non-exposed ones, the mean values of renal function indicators of exposed except S-UA were significantly different from non-exposed. The frequency of workers whose value of renal function indicators were over the nor mal criteria (BUN>20 mg/dl ; S-Cr>1.2 mg/dl ; S-UA>7.0 mg/dl ; NAG>8.0 U/liter; U-TP>8.0 mg/dl) by the level of lead absorption in terms of PbB, ZPP and DALA were calculated. Age adjusted odds ratio of over the normal value of BUN and NAG were statistically significant by the level of ZPP and that of BUN only showed the dose-dependant relationship. But the frequency of over the normal criteria of renal function indicators were not increased by the level of PbB and DALA. On stepwise multiple regression using renal function indicators as a dependent variable and each lead exposure indicator and age as independent variables, only BUN, NAG and U-TP were contributed by the lead exposure indicators. It was found that only NAG of renal function indices was most reliable indicator who showed dose-response relationship with lead exposure and the measurement of NAG for lead workers whose relatively high exposure is highly recommended.

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Effect of Pork Consumption on Renal and Hematochemical Indices in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Unclean Environments
Chan-Kyu Han, Jeong-Hae Rho, Bog-Hieu Lee
Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources.2008; 28(1): 91. CrossRef

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A Study of the Correlation Between the Activity of Erythrocyte Pyrimidine 5'-Nucleotidase and Urinary N-Acetyl-beta-D-Glucosaminidase in Lead Exposed Workers: Soung Hoon Chang, Cheon Hyun Hwang, Won Jin Lee, Soung Soo Lee, Byung Kook Lee, Hong Kyu Suh, Jae Wook Choi; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1997;9(2):258-266. Published online June 30, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1997.9.2.258

Abstract PDF: In this study, we measured the activity of the erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase (P5N) and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) from 154 workers exposed to lead and 43 workers not exposed. We analyzed the correlation of the P5N activity and NAG activity with other biological exposure indices of lead such as blood lead (PbB) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP). The measurement was performed by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), spectrophotometer and atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results are as follows: 1. The mean value of P5N activity for workers exposed to lead was 9.50+/-.13 micromol uridine/hr/g Hb and 11.60+/-.2 micromol uridine/hr/g Hb for workers not exported. The P5N activity showed a normal distribution, but the other indices of lead showed logarithmic normal distributions. 2. The P5N activity and ZPP were decreased as PbB wag increased. But the NAG activity had no correlation with changes of PbB. 3. The correlation coefficients of the P5N activity with other biological exposure indices of lead such as PbB, ZPP, NAG activity were -0.72, -0.55, and 0.05, respectively. We speculated that the P5N activity can be used as a reliable biological exposure index of lead but NAG activity can be used as a biological management index of lead.

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Biological Indices for Early Detection of Cadmium Poisoning: Significance of Urinary Metallothionein: Jung Duck Park, Yeon Pyo Hong, Im Won Chang; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1997;9(2):230-243. Published online June 30, 1997; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1997.9.2.230

Abstract PDF: Metallothionein(MT) is a low molecular weight protein that is induced as a defence mechanism for cadmium (Cd) toxicity. In present study, urinary MT was determined using a competitive ELISA in Cd-exposed rats. In addition, measures the urinary, blood and renal Cd concentration and the urinary excretion of total protein, beta 2-microglobulin (MG) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase(NAG) at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 days after Cd injection in Cd-exposed rats with dosers of 0.8 and 1.6 mg Cd/kg body weight respectively. The urinary, blood and renal Cd were specific for Cd-exposure, that increased in proportional to dose of Cd. The urinary and blood Cd tended to slightly decrease, while renal Cd tended to increase by lapse of time after Cd exposure. this finding indicates that renal Cd is more specific than urinary and blood Cd for Cd exposure. The urinary excretion of MT showed a statistically significant increase in Cd exposed rats(0.8 and 1.6 no Cd/kg body weight). The increase of urinary excretion of MT was more evident at 7, 14, 28 lays after Cd exposure than the changes of urinary excretion of total protein, beta-MG and NAG. The Pearson's correlation coefficients between urinary Cd and urinary MT, beta-MG, NAG and total protein were 0.4344, 0.3727, 0.3307 and 0.2099, respectively. These findings indicate that the urinary MT is more sensitive and specific than total protein, beta-MG and NAG for Cd exposure. The present results suggest that the urinary MT, using a simple and rapid competitive ELISA, is a valuable index as screening test in epidemiologic study for Cd exposed group.

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Renal Dysfunction Indicators in Lead Exposed Workers: Sang Ju Lee, Young Seoub Hong, Sung Ryul Kim, Dong Il Kim, Joon Youn Kim, Kap Yeol Jung; Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1996;8(2):340-349. Published online September 30, 1996; DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.1996.8.2.340

Abstract PDF: A range of indicators is available to assess renal dysfunction in lead exposure. This study was undertaken to find out which indicators were most valuable as markers of renal dysfunction. We selected 75 male workers from the secondary lead smelter, plastic stabilizer and radiator manufacturing industries (the "exposed" group) and 64 male office workers (the "control" group). Blood lead; blood zinc protoporphyrin; urine lead; urine coproporphyrin; delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity; and urine delta-aminolevulinic acid were chosen as indicators of lead exposure. Blood urea nitrogen; serum creatinine; serum uric acid; urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase; urine albumin; urine alpha1-microglobu-lin; and urine beta2-microglobulin were used as indicators of renal dysfunction. Urine alpha1-microglobulin level was significantly associated with, the lead exposure level. Blood urea nitrogen, urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and urine alpha1-microglobulin levels were highly correlated with indicators of lead exposure. Urine alpha1-microglobulin had the highest correlation with other indicators of renal function. In addition, the proportion of subjects with high urine alpha1-microglobulin levels showed a gradient with lead exposure. Conclusively, Blood urea nitrogen, urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and urine alpha1-microglobulin are useful indicators, but urine alpha1-microglobulin is ; the early 'and the most valuable indicator of renal dysfunction related to lead exposure.

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