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Working hours and depressive symptoms: the role of job stress factors
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Yeogyeong Yoon, Jia Ryu, Hyunjoo Kim, Chung won Kang, Kyunghee Jung-Choi
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Ann Occup Environ Med 2018;30:46. Published online July 13, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-018-0257-5
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 Abstract
 PDF PubReader ePub
- Background
South Korea is one of the countries with the longest working hours in the OECD countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of working hours on depressive symptoms and the role of job stress factors between the two variables among employees in South Korea. MethodsThis study used data from the Korea Working Conditions Survey in 2014. Study subjects included 23,197 employees aged 19 years or older who work more than 35 h per week. Working hours were categorized into 35–39, 40, 41–52, 53–68, and more than 68 h per week. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the WHO’s Well-Being Index with a cut-off score of 13. We calculated prevalence ratios of depressive symptoms according to working hours using log-binomial regression. Through the percentage change in prevalence ratios, we identified the extent of the role of job stress factors that explain depressive symptoms. ResultsThe risks of depressive symptoms were significantly higher in people who worked 35–39 h per week (PR: 1.09, CI: 1.01–1.18), 53–68 h/week (PR: 1.21, CI: 1.16–1.25), and more than 68 h/week (PR: 1.14, CI: 1.07–1.21) than 40 h/week, after adjusting for confounding variables. Job stress explained the effects of long working hours on depressive symptoms in about 20–40% of the groups working more than 40 h/week. Among the factors of job stress, social support was 10–30%, which showed the highest explanatory power in all working hours. Reward explained 15–30% in the more than 52 h working group, and reward was the most important factor in the working group that exceeded 68 h. ConclusionsWe showed the working hours could be an independent risk factor for depressive symptoms in employees. To improve workers’ mental health, it is important to strengthen social support in the workplace, to provide adequate rewards as they work, and ultimately to regulate the appropriate amount of working hours.
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Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.2022; 64(5): e316. CrossRef - Influence of Palliative Care Qualifications on the Job Stress Factors of General Practitioners in Palliative Care: A Survey Study
Sophie Peter, Anna Maria Volkert, Lukas Radbruch, Roman Rolke, Raymond Voltz, Holger Pfaff, Nadine Scholten
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Heliyon.2022; 8(8): e10038. CrossRef - The Influence of Long Working Hours, Occupational Stress, and Well-Being on Depression Among Couriers in Zhejiang, China
Yu Hong, Yixin Zhang, Panqi Xue, Xinglin Fang, Lifang Zhou, Fang Wei, Xiaoming Lou, Hua Zou
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Safety and Health at Work.2021; 12(2): 217. CrossRef - Sleep Duration Moderates the Relationship Between Perceived Work-Life Interference and Depressive Symptoms in Australian Men and Women from the North West Adelaide Health Study
Layla J. Bunjo, Amy C. Reynolds, Sarah L. Appleton, Jill Dorrian, Céline Vetter, Tiffany K. Gill, Robert J. Adams
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine.2021; 28(1): 29. CrossRef - Association between Near Work Time and Depression among Workers in South Korea
Na Rae Jeong, Seung Hun Lee, Yun Jin Kim, Jeong Gyu Lee, Yu Hyeon Yi, Yougn Jin Tak, Hye Rim Hwang, Gyu Lee Kim, Sang Yeoub Lee, Young Hye Cho, Eun Ju Park, Young In Lee, Jung In Choi
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2021; 42(5): 390. CrossRef - The relationship between working hours and lifestyle behaviors: Evidence from a population-based panel study in Korea
Dong-Wook Lee, Tae-Won Jang, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Mo-Yeol Kang
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Xiaoman Liu, Chao Wang, Jin Wang, Yuqing Ji, Shuang Li
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Eunsoo Choi, Kwan Woo Choi, Hyun-Ghang Jeong, Moon-Soo Lee, Young-Hoon Ko, Changsu Han, Byung-Joo Ham, Jisoon Chang, Kyu-Man Han
Journal of Affective Disorders.2021; 286: 99. CrossRef - Working hours are closely associated with depressive mood and suicidal ideation in Korean adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study
Sangsoo Han, Yujin Ko, Ji Eun Moon, Young Soon Cho
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Hanjun Kim, Jungsun Park, A Ram Kim, Yangho Kim
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Tae-Hwi Park, Yong-Duk Ahn, Jeong-Bae Rhie
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Song Heui Cho, Ji-Eun Lim, Jiseung Lee, Jee Soo Lee, Hyun-Ghang Jeong, Moon-Soo Lee, Young-Hoon Ko, Changsu Han, Byung-Joo Ham, Kyu-Man Han
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Ochirbat Batbold, Christy Pu
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Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim
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Jungsun Park, Yangho Kim
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Jungsun Park, Yeon Suh Oh, Yangho Kim
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(9): 1642. CrossRef
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Two cases of methyl alcohol intoxication by sub-chronic inhalation and dermal exposure during aluminum CNC cutting in a small-sized subcontracted factory
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Jia Ryu, Key Hwan Lim, Dong-Ryeol Ryu, Hyang Woon Lee, Ji Young Yun, Seoung-Wook Kim, Ji-Hoon Kim, Kyunghee Jung-choi, Hyunjoo Kim
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Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:65. Published online November 15, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0153-9
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
- Background
Methyl alcohol poisoning has been mainly reported in community. Two cases of methyl alcohol poisoning occurred in a small-sized subcontracted factory which manufactured smartphone parts in Korea. Case presentationOne young female patient presented with dyspnea and visual disturbance. Another young male patient presented with visual disturbance and myalgia. They treated with sodium bicarbonate infusion and hemodialysis for metabolic acidosis. In addition, he received ethyl alcohol per oral treatment. Her and his urinary methyl alcohol concentration was detected as 7.632 mg/L, 46.8 mg/L, respectively, although they were treated hemodialysis. Results of the working environment measurement showed that the concentration of methyl alcohol (1030.1–2220.5 ppm) in the air exceeded the time weighted average (200 ppm). They were diagnosed with optic neuropathy due to methyl alcohol poisoning and still have visual impairment. ConclusionsWorkers who hired as dispatched employees in a small-sized subcontracted factory were exposed to high concentrations of methyl alcohol. The workplace had poor ventilation system. In addition, workers did not wear proper personal protect equipment. Working environment measurement and annual chekups for workers were not performed. They were in a blind spot to occupational safety and health. More attention is needed to protect vulnerable workers’ health.
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Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research.2021; : 14. CrossRef - Formaldehyde Reacts with Amino Acids and Peptides with a Potential Role in Acute Methanol Intoxication
David Sýkora, Jindřich Jindřich, Vladimír Král, Milan Jakubek, Ameneh Tatar, Zdeněk Kejík, Pavel Martásek, Sergey Zakharov
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Christianne V. Mojica, Esteban A. Pasol, Mercedes L. Dizon, Wenceslao A. Kiat, Timothy Reynold U. Lim, Jacqueline C. Dominguez, Vincent V. Valencia, Bernardo Joaquin P. Tuaño
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Huisu Eom, Jihye Lee, Eun-A Kim
Safety and Health at Work.2019; 10(3): 265. CrossRef - Methanol as an Unlisted Ingredient in Supposedly Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Can Pose Serious Health Risk
Alan P. L. Chan, Thomas Y. K. Chan
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Ji-Hyun Choi, Seung Keun Lee, Young-Eun Gil, Jia Ryu, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Hyunjoo Kim, Jun Young Choi, Sun Ah Park, Hyang Woon Lee, Ji Young Yun
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Hümeyra Yıldırım Can, Halil Kırbıyık
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Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
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Dongmug Kang, Young-Ki Kim, Eun-A Kim, Dae Hwan Kim, Inah Kim, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Kyoung-Bok Min, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Sung-Soo Oh, Sang-Baek Koh
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Ann Occup Environ Med 2014;26:14-14. Published online June 24, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-26-14
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PDFPubReaderePub
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Citations
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Relationship between Work Hours and Smoking Behaviors in Korean Male Wage Workers
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Sung-Mi Jang, Eun-hee Ha, Hyesook Park, Eunjeong Kim, Kyunghee Jung-Choi
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Ann Occup Environ Med 2013;25:35-35. Published online November 19, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-4374-25-35
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
- Objectives
The purposes of this study are 1) to measure the prevalence of smoking according to weekly work hours by using data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS), and 2) to explain the cause of high smoking prevalence among those with short or long work hours by relative explanatory fraction. MethodsData from a total of 2,044 male subjects who responded to the questionnaire in the 10th year (2007) and 11th year (2008) of the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study were used for analysis. Current smoking, smoking cessation, continuous smoking, start of smoking, weekly work hours, occupational characteristics, sociodemographic and work-related factors, and health behavior-related variables were analyzed. Log-binomial regression analysis was used to study the relationship between weekly work hours and smoking behaviors in terms of the prevalence ratio. ResultsThe 2008 age-adjusted smoking prevalence was 64.9% in the short work hours group, 54.7% in the reference work hours group, and 60.6% in the long work hours group. The smoking prevalence of the short work hours group was 1.39 times higher than that of the reference work hours group (95% confidence interval of 1.17-1.65), and this was explained by demographic variables and occupational characteristics. The smoking prevalence of the long work hours group was 1.11 times higher than that of the reference work hours group when the age was standardized (95% confidence interval of 1.03-1.19). This was explained by demographic variables. No independent effects of short or long work hours were found when the variables were adjusted. ConclusionAny intervention program to decrease the smoking prevalence in the short work hours group must take into account employment type, job satisfaction, and work-related factors.
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Mo-Kyung Sin, KumHee Ro
Journal of Addictions Nursing.2023; 34(1): E39. CrossRef - Association of working hours and cumulative fatigue among Chinese primary health care professionals
Yushi Lu, Zhi Li, Qingsong Chen, Yuting Fan, Jin Wang, Yonghao Ye, Yongqi Chen, Tian Zhong, Ling Wang, Ying Xiao, Dongmei Zhang, Xi Yu
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Seong-Uk Baek, Jin-Ha Yoon
Preventive Medicine.2023; 175: 107691. CrossRef - Mediation Effect of the Coping Strategies on the Relation Between Stress and Sleep Quality
Sung Min Kim, Yoo Hyun Um, Tae Won Kim, Ho-Jun Seo, Jong-Hyun Jeong, Seung-Chul Hong
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Ju-Ok Son, In-Sun Kang, Hong-Jun Cho
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Bohyun Park, Sook Ja Choi, Sukyong Seo
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Sungeun Lee
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The Association between Shift Work and Bone Mineral Density : analysis of 2008-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Jong Ho Wang, Goeun Lee, Jun Taek Song, Jongho Kwon, Hyunrim Choi, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Sinye Lim
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Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012;24(3):274-286. Published online September 30, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2012.24.3.274
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Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study were to explore the association between shift work and the bone mineral density in a representative sample of Korean workers.
METHODS
He data from the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2009) was used. The participants were Korean workers aged 16 to 60 years. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the association between shift work and the bone mineral density after controlling for covariates using the SAS version 9.3 package program.
RESULTS
The blood vitamin D level in shift workers was significantly lower than that of day workers in both males and females. In male shift workers, shift work was significantly associated with a decreased bone mineral density in the femoral neck (odds ratio(OR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval(CI)=1.05~1.92) and lumbar spine (OR 1.53, 95% CI=1.09~2.15) compared to day workers. After controlling for covariates, this association was still significant. In the case of female shift workers, shift work was significantly related to a decreased bone mineral density in the total femur (OR 2.84, 95% CI=1.69~4.79) and lumbar spine (OR 1.58, 95% CI=1.12~2.24). After controlling for covariates, this risk was not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS
The blood vitamin D level of shift workers was significantly lower than that of day workers. In male shift workers, shift work can decrease the bone mineral density in the femoral neck and lumbar spine. Prospective studies with information on the shift work intensity and duration and exposuredata to explain mechanisms will be needed.
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Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2014;[Epub] CrossRef - Vitamin D status and associated occupational factors in Korean wage workers: data from the 5th Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES 2010–2012)
Harin Jeong, Sujin Hong, Yunjeong Heo, Hosun Chun, Daeseong Kim, Jongtae Park, Mo-yeol Kang
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2014;[Epub] CrossRef - Association of Anthropometric and Biochemical Factors with Bone Mineral Density in Korean Adult Women Data from the Fourth (2008~2009) and Fifth (2010~2011) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES IV & V)
Soon-Nam Choi, Kwang-Hyun Jho, Nam-Yong Chung
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(3): 157. CrossRef - Factors associated with the bone mineral density in Korean adults: Data from the 2010-2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V
Kyung Sook Kim
Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2014; 39(4): 240. CrossRef
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The Effect of Shift Work on the Level of Self-Rated Health
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Daehee Noh, Jong Ho Wang, Hyunrim Choi, Sinye Lim, Keunwhoe Kim, Chang Won Won, Kyunghee Jung-Choi
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Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(3):200-209. Published online September 30, 2010
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.3.200
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Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVES
The present study was designed to determine the characteristics of shift work and the relationship between shift work and the level of self-rated health using the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) data, which represents urban households in Korea.
METHODS
Using the 9th wave of KLIPS, this study analyzed 2,087 male workers aged 25 to 64 years; participants missing data were excluded from analysis. To determine the impact of shift work on the level of self-rated health, logistic regression analysis was applied that controlled for socio-demographic characteristics, labor environment, and health-related behaviors.
RESULTS
Shift workers comprised 13.4% of study subjects overall. The majority(69.2%) of participants were in 2-teams and in 2-shifts. Week 1 shift cycle changes were the highest, 56.3%. The risk of poor self-rated health was not significantly higher among shift workers compared to non-shift workers (OR=1.08, 95% CI=0.79~1.48). When divided by tenure, shift workers with more than 10-years experience (OR=1.79, 95% CI=0.91~3.50) tended to show greater risk than non-shift workers at marginal significance.
CONCLUSIONS
In the present study, a significantly higher risk of self-rated poor health among shift workers was not observed. However, shift workers with more than 10-years experience tended to show increased health risk compared to non-shift workers. Further studies are required to determine time-series data and to consider both healthy worker effect and information bias.
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(1): 55. CrossRef - Health Status and Affecting Factors related to Job among Korean Women Employees
Eun-Young Hong, Sang-Dol Kim
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2012; 13(9): 4107. CrossRef
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Self-rated Health Level Comparisons by the Criteria of Precarious Employment Status: The Korean Labor and Income Survey
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Keunwhoe Kim, Hun Jong Chung, Sounghoon Chang, Hyeongsu Kim, Daehee Noh, Kyunghee Jung-Choi
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Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2010;22(3):240-250. Published online September 30, 2010
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2010.22.3.240
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of precarious employment status on the level of self-rated health, based on various criteria, by participants in the Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey.
METHODS
Data were obtained from 3,268 subjects(2,057 men and 1,211 women), who participated in the 2005-2006 Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey. Group A was classified as Non-precarious employment by both the Ministry of Labor (MoLab) and the Korea Labor and Society Institute (KLSI). The group B was classified as Non-precarious employment by the MoLab and as precarious employment by the KLSI. The group C is classified as Non-precarious employment by both MoLab and KLSI. Outcome variables were self-rated health and a panel logistic regression analysis was performed on the data.
RESULTS
The level of self-rated health was worse among group B males (OR: 1.45, C.I:1.00~2.11) and group C males (OR: 1.69, C.I:1.35~2.10) compared to group A males. A substantial difference(57.8%) in the level of self-rated health between groups A and B was attributed to the sociodemographic characteristics of the populations. The difference in self-rated health between groups A and C was explained by work environments(15.7%), as well as by sociodemographic characteristics(26.1%). For female workers, the level of self-rated health in group B and C was worse than in group A, but this finding was not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggested that the policy to improve the working environment, as well as a more comprehensive effort to reduce the disparity, is needed for the precarious employment worker.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by - Employment status and mortality among Korean men over a 13-year period
Dohee Lim, Kyoung Ae Kong, Hyesook Park, Kyunghee Jung-Choi
Epidemiology and Health.2021; 43: e2021055. CrossRef - Association between Working Hours and Self-Rated Health
Jongha Jeon, Wanhyung Lee, Won-Jun Choi, Seunghon Ham, Seong-Kyu Kang
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(8): 2736. CrossRef
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Depressive Symptoms of Workplace Violence Exposed Subjects in Korea
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Chang Bum Byun, Kan woo Youn, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Yunho Cho, Domyung Paek
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Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2009;21(4):314-323. Published online December 31, 2009
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2009.21.4.314
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to evaluate the association between workplace violence and depression METHODS: In total, 2236 employees who were providing services at hotels, casinos and amusement halls were used in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to assess exposures to violence, which was classified into physical violence, verbal violence, sexual harassment and bullying together with jobs and sociodemographic factors. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Korean Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II). Those with total BDI-II score over 22 points were defined as people with depression.
RESULTS
Prevalence of depression among subjects exposed to any violence was higher than those who were not exposed to violence. After adjusting covariates, the odds ratio of depression was 2.47 (95% CI;1.13~5.39) for sexually harassed male subjects (n=72, 4.90%), 3.22 (95% CI; 1.51~6.87) for bullied male subjects (n=570, 38.83%), and 2.57 (95% CI; 1.52~4.32) for bullied female subjects (n=447, 58.20%).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study suggest that depression can be an important psychological issue to those exposed to workplace violence in Korea. First of all, acknowledgement of the problem should be made in the workplace. Exalting public awareness and transforming work ethics and culture is cardinal to making this a social rather than an individual problem.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by - Health Disparities Among Workers With Standing Position and Limited Restroom Access: A Cosmetics Saleswomen Study in South Korea
Bokyoung Choi, Ji-Hwan Kim, Jaehong Yoon, Hyemin Lee, Seung-Sup Kim
International Journal of Health Services.2022; 52(1): 174. CrossRef - Depressive Symptoms Following Work-Related Violence and Threats and the Modifying Effect of Organizational Justice, Social Support, and Safety Perceptions
Lars Peter Sønderbo Andersen, Annie Hogh, Johan Hviid Andersen, Karin Biering
Journal of Interpersonal Violence.2021; 36(15-16): 7110. CrossRef - Influences of Workplace Violence on Depression among Nurses: The Mediating Effect of Social Support
Eun-Mi Seol, Soohyun Nam
STRESS.2021; 29(1): 37. CrossRef - What Are the Experiences of Emotional Labor and Workplace Violence that Are More Harmful to Health in Korean Workforce?
Won Ju Hwang, Hye Kyung Yang, Ji Hye Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(21): 8019. CrossRef - Emotional labor, workplace violence, and depressive symptoms in female Bank employees: a questionnaire survey using the K-ELS and K-WVS
Guang Hwi Kim, Hee Sung Lee, Sung Won Jung, Jae Gwang Lee, June Hee Lee, Kyung Jae Lee, Joo Ja Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - The impact of occupation according to income on depressive symptoms in South Korean individuals: Findings from the Korean Welfare Panel Study
Woorim Kim, Eun-Cheol Park, Tae-Hoon Lee, Yeong Jun Ju, Jaeyong Shin, Sang Gyu Lee
International Journal of Social Psychiatry.2016; 62(3): 227. CrossRef - Relationship of workplace violence and perpetrators on sleep disturbance-data from the 4th Korean working conditions survey
Taejun Yoo, Byeongjin Ye, Jung-Il Kim, Siwoo Park
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef - Association between second-hand smoke and psychological well-being amongst non-smoking wageworkers in Republic of Korea
Seong-Jin Kim, Dirga Kumar Lamichhane, Shin-Goo Park, Bum-Joon Lee, So-Hyun Moon, Sung-Min Park, Hyun-Suk Jang, Hwan-Cheol Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef - Reliability and validity of the workplace harassment questionnaire for Korean finance and service workers
Myeongjun Lee, Hyunjung Kim, Donghee Shin, Sangyun Lee
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef - Factors related to Problem Drinking of Male Workers according to Occupational Classes
Eun Kyung Lee
Journal of Digital Convergence.2015; 13(1): 375. CrossRef - Workplace Violence Experienced by Substitute (Daeri) Drivers and Its Relationship to Depression in Korea
Pil Kyun Jung, Jong-Uk Won, Jaehoon Roh, June-Hee Lee, Hongdeok Seok, Wanhyung Lee, Jin-Ha Yoon
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2015; 30(12): 1748. CrossRef - Effects of Violence Experience, Emotional Labor, and Job Stress on Clinical Nurses' Depression
Jin Hee Noh, Yeon Kyung Na
Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2015; 24(3): 153. CrossRef - Perceived Occupational Stress and Depression of School Nurses
Kyong-Ok Oh, Moon-Hee Gang, Sun-Thyun Lee
Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2012; 26(1): 60. CrossRef - Conditions of Workplace Violence Experience among Workers in the Distribution Industry
Souk Young Kim, Soon-Nyung Yun
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2012; 23(2): 212. CrossRef - The Effects of Injury and Accidents on Self-rated Depression in Male Municipal Firefighters
Yun Kyung Chung, Chung Yill Park
Safety and Health at Work.2011; 2(2): 158. CrossRef - The Influence of Workplace Violence on Work-related Anxiety and Depression Experience among Korean Employees
Eun Sook Choi, Hye-Sun Jung, Su-Hyun Kim, Hyunju Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2010; 40(5): 650. CrossRef
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The Cost of Occupational Health and Safety in Manufacturing Factories
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Wonki Oh, Hyeongsu Kim, Changsu Um, Sounghoon Chang, Kunsei Lee, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Keunwhoe Kim, Kwanhyung Lee
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Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2008;20(1):25-36. Published online March 31, 2008
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2008.20.1.25
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the cost for occupational health and safety in manufacturing factories in Korea according to the factory's size and the industrial classification.
METHODS
The costs to prevent occupational injuries and promote the general health of the workers were calculated by using the data of The Occupational Safety and Health Survey in Korea in the year of 2005 and the data of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (IACI) premiums at the same factories for the year of 2004.
RESULTS
The mean cost per one worker was as follows: 990,000 won for the factory with 5~49 workers, 869,000 won for the factory with 50~299 workers and 1,773,000 won for the factory with more than 300 workers. In the factories with 5~49 workers and 50~299 workers, the premium for the IACI was the largest portion of the cost (62.8% and 52.8%, respectively) and the cost for gear to protect workers from dangerous machineries was the next biggest portion of the cost (20.1% and 19.1%, respectively). The largest portion of the cost in the factories with more than 300 workers was the premium for the IACI (37.5%).
CONCLUSIONS
The investment costs to prevent occupational injuries and to promote the general health of the workers were very diverse according to the size of the factories and the industrial classification. To reduce the occupational injuries and to promote the general health of the workers, systematic and continuous approaches to evaluate the investment costs for the occupational health and safety are required.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by - Type and Characters of Agricultural Injury Subjective Burden
Kanwoo Youn, Sanghyuk Im, Jinwoo Park, Kyungsuk Lee, Hyeseon Chae
Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2016; 41(1): 1. CrossRef - A Predictive Model of Workers' Quality of Life
Bok-Im Lee, Hye-Sun Jung
Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2011; 20(1): 35. CrossRef
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Effect of Sodium Benzoate on Change of Urinary Hippuric Acid and Methyl Hippuric Acid among Workers Coexposed to Toluene and Xylene
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Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Sounghoon Chang, Hyeongsu Kim, Wonki Oh, Sang Baek Koh, Kunsei Lee, Suekyung Park
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Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2006;18(3):163-170. Published online September 30, 2006
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2006.18.3.163
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to investigate the effect of drink containing sodium benzoate on the change of urinary hippuric acid (UHA) and methyl hippuric acid (UMHA) excretion among workers coexposed to low toluene and xylene.
METHODS
Study subjects were 55 male shipbuilders who were divided into 3 groups; nonexposed group (n=10, who were not exposed to organic solvent and had drunk sodium benzoate), exposed A group (n=24, who were coexposed to toluene and xylene, and had drunk sodium benzoate), and exposed B group (n=21, who were coexposed to toluene and xylene, and had not drunk sodium benzoate). The study methodology consisted of questionnaire survey, urinary analysis for metabolites of toluene and xylene before and after drinking with or without sodium benzoate, and personal air sampling of toluene and xylene.
RESULTS
Before drinking, there was no significant difference in UHA or UMHA between the exposed A and B groups. After 1.5 hour of drinking, UHA of the exposed A group was significantly higher than that of the exposed B group. After 3 hours, however, UHA of the exposed A group was decreased to the level of the exposed B group, regardless of the ambient toluene level. UMHA exhibited no significant difference between the exposed A and B groups regardless of time and ambient toluene level. The regression model showed that drinking of sodium benzoate was positively correlated with UHA after 1.5 hours of drinking, but not after 3 hours. In addition, sodium benzoate didn't affect UMHA.
CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that sodium benzoate initially increased UHA temporally but that its effect disappeared after 3 hours. In the medical examination of toluene exposure workers, the ingestion of drink containing sodium benzoate should be forbidden during the 3 hours prior to urinary sampling.
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